玉澗「蕭湘八景圖」東渡日本之前「三教弟子」印考

宋末元初畫僧玉澗所繪的「瀟湘八景圖」，大約在十四世紀末至十五世紀初流傳到日本。原作本共八幅，現今僅存三幅。在玉澗的「瀟湘八景圖」上，各幅均鈐有「三教弟子」朱文方印，其中「瀟湘八景」之「洞庭秋月圖」上除了「三教弟子」印章之外，還有一枚「北山文房之印」，兩枚印章的歸屬一直未嘗被深入探討過。一般認為「三教弟子」印即玉澗所有，為玉澗親自題讚其畫後所鈐。至於「北山文房之印」，則以為是曾經擁有玉澗「瀟湘八景圖」的足利義滿（1358－1408）的鑑藏章。本文考察了「三教弟子」印章，發現在比玉澗的時代稍晚的書法家鮮于樞（1246－1302）的作品上，鈐蓋了字體和大小（三公分見方）與玉澗「瀟湘八景圖」中一模一樣的「三教弟子」印，從而探討鮮于樞自稱「三教弟子」的原因。再比對玉澗「瀟湘八景圖」題畫詩和鮮于樞、鮮于樞之子鮮于去矜（約活動於1321－1323前後）的瀟湘八景散曲，三者不但內容相近，韻腳相符，而且和玉澗「瀟湘八景圖」的畫面相印證。經由研究南宋至元代，環繞於浙江杭州與金華，以鑑賞書畫為共同雅好的文人文化圈，推想「北山文房之印」的主人，或許是與鮮于樞往來密切的郭天錫（約1227－1302）。自從現身於日本將近六百年來，玉澗「瀟湘八景圖」東渡之前的一段收藏經歷，在本文中得到了初步的解析。

關鍵字

玉澗；若芬；瀟湘八景圖；三教弟子；鮮于樞；鮮于去矜

並列摘要

The late Song early Yuan Dynasty Buddhist monk painter Yu Jian's(玉澗) painting ”Eight Views of Xiao-Xiang” made its way to Japan during the late 14th and early 15th centuries.The vermillion inked square seal which reads ”Sanjiao Dizi”(三教弟子, Three Religions Disciple) can be found on each of Yu ”Jian's Eight Views of Xiao-Xiang.” Among the ”Eight Views,” the painting Fall Moon on Dongting Lake, not only has a ”Sanjiao Dizi” seal, but also a seal which reads ”Beishan Wenfang Zhi Yin”(北山文房之印, Northern Mountain Library Seal).In this investigation of the ”Sanjiao Dizi”, when comparing the ”Eight Views” paintings with the works of Yu Jian's slightly later contemporary, Xianyu Shu (鮮于樞, 1246-1302), it is found that the seal's lettering and size is exactly the same as that of the ”Sanjiao Dizi” seal on Yu Jian's ”Eight Views.” Thus, these similarities are the reason for a further examination of Xianyu Shu's self-named ”Sanjiao Dizi” (Three Religions Disciple).Researching the Southern Song/Yuan Dynasty period, in the area encompassing Zhejiang, Hangzhou and Jinhua and using artistic literary appraisals common to learned scholars in local literary circles, one can deduce that the ”Beishan Wenfang Zhi Yin” owner may be Xianyu Shu's close acquaintance Guo Tianxi (郭天錫, about 1227-1302).