With the transformation of the political environment in Taiwan, the recognition of local culture and history has been increasingly stressed. This paper mainly discusses the cultural functions of the National Central Library of R.O.C. from the perspective of cultural development in Taiwan. Historical method is used to explore the roles and missions of National Central Library during the past seventy years. The cultural functions of National Central Library include cultural collection, cultural distribution, and cultural research. In conclusion, this study claims that the cultural functions of National Central Library should be based both on the Chinese culture and on the local culture of Taiwan for future development.