高等教育市場化、商業化、商品化之發展

The Development of Marketization, Commercialization, and Commodification in Higher Education

許麗萍(Li-Ping Hsu) ； 張家宜(Flora Chia-I Chang)

《法政學報》 26期 (2014/12) Pp. 1-23

摘要

近年來因應全球化浪潮的衝擊而開放興學，致使大專校院數量劇增，這段解除管制、邁向競爭的過程可名之為自由化（liberalization）或市場化（marketization）；其次，因應現實社會處境的少子女化趨勢所導致的教育資源供需失衡現象，大學面臨相互競爭的壓力，紛紛引用企業經營與管理的策略，名之為商業化（commercialization）。一旦高等教育的發展歷程循此趨勢而行，極有可能發展至商品化（commodification），以營利為唯一目的，以價格為唯一關注焦點，學生視教師為學分販賣者，家長視各大學為學位販賣者。各大學為迎合學生與家長的需求，對生產（教師）與產品（課程）的流程進行齊一控管，著重工具性與數量化的評比成果，以收短期獲利之績效。本研究旨在從高等教育本身作為一種產業的角度，瞭解高等教育市場化、商業化及商品化發展的歷程與現況，並依據外部與內部，競爭與協同的二元交互面向進行分析，勾勒出大學發展的可行路徑，期以超越進退場機制的二元思維框架。最後歸納本文分析結果，提供研究與實務上的建議。

關鍵字

高等教育 ； 市場化 ； 商業化 ； 商品化

並列摘要

In recent years, in response to the impact of globalization, Taiwan has adopted a new more open approach to the school system. As a result the number of universities has increased markedly. Deregulation increases competition-a process that can be named 'liberalization' or 'marketization'. Furthermore, the realities of the educational circumstances in Taiwan, including declining birthrates, increased competition, and oversupply of educational institutions, puts more pressure on universities to improve recruitment and selection. Therefore, many universities have begun to embrace the business and management strategies of other industries. This trend can be named 'commercialization.' Following this trend along, institutions of higher education will most likely follow into the stage, namely 'commodification. When universities operate for the sole purpose of profit, price becomes the only relationship between the students, teachers, credits, and parents within the university system. Students begin to see professors and their departments as traffickers who deal units of academic credit. Parents may likewise come to see universities as peddlers of degrees and diplomas. Universities would then be motivated to cater to the desires of parents and students. Professors, and curriculum developers in the universities, under pressure from short-term quantitative scrutiny would thus be influenced to adopt pragmatic, utilitarian approaches to education. The purpose of this study is to understand the circumstances of higher education in Taiwan as an industry, especially with regard to the influences of marketization, commercialization, and commodification. Analysis is made based on internal and external competition, and collaboration for binary interactions. Outlines are drawn for the development of a feasible path for universities, beyond the mechanism of a binary frame of mind. In its conclusion, this paper provides advice for future research and practice within the university system.

並列關鍵字

Higher education ； marketization ； commercialization ； commodification