中西“神（天）”人關係之思想的比較探討

在思考「神」與「人」或「天」與「人」的關係上，基督教神學與儒學都沒有陷入單純的「相分」或「合一」的理論模式。儘管如此，兩者之間在思想取向上存在著顯著差異。就「相分」而言，基督教強調的是神與人、塵世與天國的對立，昭示的是一個超自然的神靈對人的制約。對儒學而言，這顯現的是自然與人的分野，強調的是對自然的駕御與利用。就「合一」而言，基督教闡發的是神對人的控制與人對神靈的歸依，「此岸世界」給「彼岸世界」讓位。而儒學則著力為人的道德、禮儀、制度乃至社會變動蒙上「天命」的神聖外衣。基督教與儒學的神（天）人關係之思想，對中西傳統文化的內涵和中西歷史發展的趨勢產生了不同的重要影響。

關鍵字

基督教；儒家神天人關係；相分；合一

並列摘要

In thinking about the relations between God and human or Heaven and human, both Christianity and Confucianism were not bogged down in simple theoretic models which maintained they should be separated from each other or each other should be combined into one wholly. However, they expressed the respective clear different thinking orientations. In dealing with the idea of human separating from God, what Christianity stressed was the antithesis between Human and God or this world and the Kingdom of Heaven, which declared clearly the restriction sole supra-nature God imposed on Human. That human was separated from Heaven, According to Confucianism, displayed the dividing line between human and Mother Nature, and emphasized that human utilized and mastered Mother Nature. In interpreting the idea of human being combined with God, what Christianity explained is that God controlled human and human should return to Kingdom of Heaven, that this world would be replaced by Paradise. In contrast to this, Confucianism also stressed that human should be combined with Heaven, but its purpose was to make great efforts to provide a sacred veil of Heaven's Order for everything relating to human, including morals, rites, institutions even social changes. Ideas of the Relations between God (Heaven) and Human in Christianity and Confucianism exerted the different important influences on the connotations of thought in the traditional cultures, as well as the trends of historical development in China and the West.