從敘史到考史：朱明鎬及其《史糾》

中國史學之主流，從敘事性史學，向史實考證性史學轉向，其歷程漫矣，其中明末布衣朱明鎬以其所撰《史糾》，因所具承前啟後之地位，應格外加以注意。朱氏名不甚著，事蹟亦鮮文獻記載，但通過其有關交往，可窺其生平、品行及著述大概。《史糾》是朱氏的代表作，生前未得刊行，今可知有清初鈔本、清初刊本、康乾間鈔本、文淵閣《四庫全書》本、乾隆間汪氏振綺堂鈔本、桐華館刻本、指海叢書本、海學山房本等版本傳世。其中文淵閣《四庫》本較精，但以之與清初鈔本及海學山房本勘校，仍可看出一些或訛誤或歧異之處。《史糾》考史方法有多種，於正史史實考證外，亦于史法多有評議。朱氏之考史，其遠源似可溯之二端：一是肇端史學內部對明代官、私史學之陋的批評及其考實，一是興起於明中葉之學術考據；其近源亦可溯之晚明經世史學「求善」之訴求，而引發的史學「求真」之追求。《史糾》之獲宗奉漢學宗旨之四庫館臣激賞，置於《四庫全書》之中，實賴於朱氏史學與清代漢學旨趣、方法之契合。

關鍵字

朱明鎬；《史糾》；述史；考史

並列摘要

The main trend of Chinese historiography from narration to textual research has a long history in which Zhu Minghao, who was an ordinary in late Ming, and his Shijiu is an outstanding example for its inheriting the past and forging ahead into the future. Although few records of Zhu was left, we can sketch his life, character and his writings by collecting scattered materials. Shijiu is Zhu's masterwork that wasn't published before his death. The edition in Imperial Collection of Four put in Wenyuange was the best among the handwritten and the carving copy at the beginning of Qing dynasty, the handwritten copy in Kangxi and Qianlong periods, the handwritten copy of Wang's Zhenqitang in Qianlong period, the block-printed edition by Tinghuaguan, the Zhihai Series, the Haixue Shanfang edition etc., but we still can find mistakes and different records when making textual examination between it and the handwritten copy of Qing and the Haixue Shanfang edition. Due to the criticism and textual research on Ming history and the pursuing of ”real historiography” to put into social practice rose during middle Ming and late Ming separately, Shijiu records not only much textual research on official histories, but also criticism on methods of historiography. Later, Shijiu was absorbed in the Imperial Collection of Four which shows that Zhu's historiography is in accordance with those in Qing dynasty.