非法移民與合法難民之間：華籍海員跳逃美國，1949-1965

Between Illegal Aliens and Lawful Refugees: Chinese Seamen in the Unites States, 1949-1965

王秀惠(Joan S. H. Wang)

《輔仁歷史學報》 25期 (2010/07) Pp. 119-164

https://doi.org/10.29439/FJHJ.201007.0004

摘要

本篇論文檢視冷戰初期之恐共格局下，美國社會之種族歧視對非法入境者之影響。文中聚焦於華人海員跳船滯美，探查這些海員如何引發中美在捍衛國安、反共聯盟、難民人道考量之間的折衝。美國移民政策所蘊含的種族偏見，如何在冷戰格局的國際外交考量之下，改變這些海員的命運。而在臺灣之中華民國政府以何種態度回應將被美國驅撥的海員，以及如何處置僑社之收納非法海員，則涉及外交與僑務的拿捏權衡。本文旨在論證美國之驅撥非法入境者或是中華民國之保護僑民，看似各自之內政問題，實則這種宣示國家主權，已經具有外交意涵。更有甚者，若能跳脫自我國家意識，改以全球觀點，即當時之冷戰架構，則更能理解人口流動之動力，以及國家體制的威權性對人口移動的制約力量。只是這種凸顯國家威權的宣示，面臨海外僑民之際，不免出現窘境。以跳船海員為例可以見出，我國僑委會為免引起海外僑民誤會，以利海外宣傳，希望採與助其留美之態度；但國內其他單位認為此舉將引起美國社會對我旅美僑胞有引誘海員逃亡之誤解或是我政府縱容海員逃亡之嫌，而應採遣返並嚴懲措施。所以致此，正是我政府特有之僑民管轄權所帶來的矛盾：即僑民來台有其現實難處，而僑民在外，保護不易，甚至是不可行，遂而滋生僑民之怨。

關鍵字

冷戰 ； 海員 ； 非法移民 ； 難民 ； 美國移民政策 ； 種族歧視

並列摘要

This paper investigated how the American immigration laws affected illegal aliens during the early Cold war period. The study focused on those Chinese seamen who jumped off ships and lived illegally in the US. Their stay triggered the struggle of national security, anti-communist alliance, and refugee humanities between America and China, which just retreated from the mainland to Taiwan after its defeat by the Communist China. In the framework of Cold War, American immigration laws searched for a balance between racial elegances in the society and international politics. While the Chinese government was forced to accept the excluded illegal aliens by the US, it tried to protect the interest of Chinese American communities which needed the workforce of these seamen.As the study showed, both the American and Chinese governments claimed its sovereignty by ways of excluding illegal aliens or protecting overseas populace. The actions, though ostensibly for the sake of national security, contained diplomatic implications. The framework of Cold War offered a good global perspective to understand the forces of migration, specifically the one from nation-state hegemony.Nevertheless, the Chinese government in Taiwan suffered a predicament while asserting its hegemony. On the one hand, the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office suggested helping these seamen, as Cold War refugees, staying in the United States to pacify the Chinese American communities. On the other, the Ministry of Transportation insisted on extraditing these seamen back to Taiwan, in order to stop illegally jumping ships. Such predicament was attributed to the unique suffrage and protection conferring to overseas Chinese.

並列關鍵字

Cold War ； seamen ； illegal aliens ； refugees ； American immigration policy ； racism

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