- 期刊
土耳其憲政體制的選擇與競爭性威權主義的發展
The Choice of Turkish Constitutional System and the Development of Competitive Authoritarianism
摘要
土耳其是全世界唯一在本世紀中，出現由議會制轉向總統制的憲政體制大轉型，且中間存在半總統制的短暫過渡期的特別個案。其憲政體制的轉變，由執政的正義與發展黨掌握主導權，逐步加重總統的憲政地位和權力，型塑出總統權力特別強勢的土耳其式總統制，和一位政治上的強人總統Erdoğan。伴隨著總統制的實施，土耳其也被廣泛的認為其政治體制遠離民主軌道，有所謂競爭性威權主義的形成。本文探討土耳其憲政體制的變遷，聚焦於總統制如何被採行，以及其與競爭性威權主義發展間的關係，這是該國憲政發展最為核心的議題，並具有比較憲政體制研究上的理論意義。有別於既有觀點多強調總統制單向促進威權主義的發展，本研究發現，總統制和威權主義二者構成相互影響的關係。總統制的採行是在威權主義的脈絡下進行，而競爭性威權主義的出現，除受到民粹主義現象的催化外，總統制因素也扮演了促進的作用。土耳其經驗隱含了一種超越個案的理論訊息，即若一個國家總統制的形成，是產生於威權主義的發展脈絡下，尤其是存在著一位政治強人及民粹主義的風行，那麼總統制的實施將進一步促進威權主義的發展，民主較難以被樂觀期待。
並列摘要
Turkey is the only country in the world that has experienced a major transition in its constitutional system from a parliamentary system to a presidential system in this century, with a short transition period of semi-presidential system in between. The transformation of its constitutional system was led by the ruling Justice and Development Party, which gradually increased the constitutional status and power of the president, shaping a Turkish-style presidential system with particularly strong presidential power, and a politically strongman President Erdoğan. With the implementation of the presidential system, Turkey's political system is widely considered to be far away from the democratic track, demonstrating the formation of so-called competitive authoritarianism. This article explores the changes in Turkey's constitutional system, focusing on how the presidential system was adopted and its relationship with the development of competitive authoritarianism. This is the core issue in the development of the country's constitutional government and has theoretical significance in the study of comparative constitutional systems. Different from existing views which emphasize that the presidential system promotes the development of authoritarianism in one direction, this study found that the presidential system and authoritarianism have a mutually influencing relationship. The adoption of the presidential system was carried out in the context of authoritarianism, and the emergence of competitive authoritarianism not only was catalyzed by the phenomenon of populism, but also played a promoting role by factors of the presidential system. The Turkish experience implies a theoretical message that transcends individual cases: if the formation of a country's presidential system is due to the development of authoritarianism, especially if there is a political strongman and the popularity of populism, then the implementation of the presidential system will further promote the development of authoritarianism, and democracy cannot be optimistically expected.