組織與制度：王金淩教授的經學觀察點

王金凌教授（1940-2012）喜由生命欲望、人性衝突、社會學、組織學等角度省視傳統學術，故其考察學術之觀點，每異於通說而見新意。惜以先生早逝，觀點未及形諸有系統的論述。因此，本文僅能就相關文稿及講演記錄整理其說。先生以為，人類以其智力，發展運用組織以遂其欲。組織的形成有其規範性，對人無限的欲望將加以限制，使其歛抑，在組織的結構中因而顯現出智力的困窘。宗法家族制度，以及擴大而成的封建制度，恰為組織與欲望的內在衝突之最佳例子，先生並以為這種宗法結構其實仍以變形的方式殘留至今。依制度而行，固可維繫組織的秩序。但制度的設計，既為滿足人欲，亦歛抑人欲，此內在矛盾終將導致制度的崩壞與變革。禮壞樂崩的當下，則有賴道德以恢復秩序與和諧，以傳統話語言之，即《公羊傳》所謂「居正」、「行權」與「反經」。權力傳繼不能完全依禮法而行，而有所權宜變通時，《公羊傳》謂之「行權」。雖然行權，其目的總是在於維繫制度的根本精神，《公羊傳》謂之「反於經」。先生考察學術，雖由制度入手，最終仍回歸道德修養。然而，制度性的結構問題，可能來自制度與人性欲望的衝突，也可能來自制度本身的內在問題。先生之說主要在以道德工夫解決制度矛盾，而非就客觀制度面以論制度之不足，突顯出心性修養與經世管理的關係，亦正合於《大學》明德身修而天下平之旨。

關鍵字

人性；欲望；衝突；宗法制度；行權

並列摘要

From angles of desires, conflicts, and social systems to observe Chinese learnings, so Prof. Jin-Ling Wang's research is quite creative and distinguished. Regretfully, with his early death, there is no time for Prof. Wang to expound his opinions. Consequently, the essay is based in his published documents and recordings. Prof. Wang considers that human beings develop systems to satisfy their desires, but also systems, their desires are limited. Patriarchal system and feudal system are the best examples of inner conflicts between systems and desires. Systems are designed to satisfy but also limited human desires; hence the conflicts will finally lead to the destruction and transformation of systems. At the time of collapse, morality is the extreme reliance on which orders and peace can be reconstructed. The situation is traditionally so-called ＂ju zheng＂, ＂xing quan＂, and ＂fang jing＂. The right way is not according to the systems, but accommodated to circumstances. However, it is to keep the principle of the systems for the right wat to be accommodated. Prof. Wang inspects Chinese learnings from the angle of systems, but try to solve the constructive conflicts by morality. His statement is still correspondent with the theory of Da Xue (the Great Learning).