馬王堆帛書《繫辭》「象」作「馬」字現象探討

今本《繫辭》32處的「象」字，帛書《繫辭》全用「馬」字的現象，既非訛誤字，也非避諱字，最合理的推論，應是別有所指的異文。「馬」與「象」字，均由具體物形，擴大為抽象概念，若論與《易》的關係，則「馬」勝於「象」。「馬」、「象」被立傳解經者，緣其具體形象而生的象徵概念，各自引入其《易》的詮釋脈絡中。面對帛書《繫辭》、今本《繫辭》的「馬」、「象」字歧異現象，不能理所當然地將帛書的「馬」字視為今本「象」字的「異文」。帛書本「象」字作「馬」字的現象，正好反映出一個存在漢代與通行本內容差別較大的《繫辭》傳本系統。在帛書傳承的詮釋脈絡中，「馬」字可能就是「正文」，對《易》理的詮釋，可提供新的思維。

關鍵字

帛書《繫辭》；籌碼；避諱；《周易》

並列摘要

The phenomenon of the use of 32 characters of ”Xiang” in current text of Xi Ci and the use of the character ”Ma” in the silk manuscript of Xi Ci is not a misuse of characters or owing to the naming taboo. The most reasonable interpretation is that these characters are the variants of different meanings. The concrete shapes of characters ”Ma” and ”Xiang” are both expanded as abstract concepts. In terms of the relationship of these two characters with I Ching, the relationship between ”Ma” and I Ching is stronger than that between ”Ma.” Interpreters of I Ching tend to use the symbolic concepts of ”Ma” and ”Xiang” derived from their concrete images to interpret I Ching. In regard to the silk manuscript of Xi Ci, the phenomenon of difference in the use of characters ”Ma” and ”Xiang” in current text of Xi Ci cannot certainly lead to the conclusion which regarding character ”Ma” as a ”variant” of character ”Xiang” in current text. The phenomenon of interpreting character ”Xiang” as character ”Ma” in the silk manuscript of Xi Ci reflects that there was an interpretation system for Xi Ci existing in Han Dynasty which is quite different from the contents of general text. In terms of the interpretation conveyed from the silk manuscript of Xi Ci, the character ”Ma” may be the ”original text,” which can provide new thinking for the interpretation of the meaning of I.