以大災難模型探討焦慮與籃球跳投表現的關系

The Relationship Between Anxiety and Performance in Basketball — A Test of a Hysteresis Hypothesis

陳由平(Yu-Pin Chen) ； 季力康(Likang Chi)

《體育學報》 24期 (1997/12) Pp. 217-228

https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.0024.199712.2119

摘要

本篇研究目的是希望驗證由Hardy及Fazey(1987)所提出的焦慮和表現相關的大災難模式，二十位專科籃球校隊的球員分別在高、低認知焦慮的情境進行跳投的測試，在測試之前使用CSAI-2量表來受試者的狀態性焦慮。生理覺醒程度由推估的最大心跳率M(M=220－年齡）開始以每15跳為單位區分為M-105～M-90、M-90～M-75、M-75～M-60、M-60～M-45、M-45～M-30、M-30～M-15、M-15～M等七個生理覺醒程度。為控制疲勞所造成的影響，將受試者隨機分派為兩組，一組在心跳率由M-105遞增至M時接受跳投測試，另一組則在心跳率由M遞減至M-105的情形下接受籃球跳投的測試。為操弄心跳率，受試者被要求以折返跑或休息等方式來到達實驗者所要求的心跳區間。受試者的心跳率則經由Polar sport tester來監控，受試者的表現則採用5分——空心球、4分——刷鍋進球、3分——打板進球、2分——刷鍋不進、1分——打板不進、0分——麵包球的評分方式。結果發現在低認知焦慮情境時，表現和生理覺醒程度有倒U型的關係，在高認知焦慮情境有Hysteresis現象發生，在低認知焦慮則無。受試者在高認知焦慮情境的最佳表現顯著優於低認知焦慮情境的最佳表現，高認知焦慮情境的最差表現和低認知焦慮情境的最差表現並無顯著差異。

關鍵字

大災難理論 ； 認知性焦慮 ； 生理覺醒程度 ； Hysteresls假說

並列摘要

The purpose of this study was to test Hardy and Fazey's (1988) catastrophe model of anxiety and performance. Subjects were 20 male basketball varsity players recruited from two junior colleges. On each team, subjects were randomly assigned to either high or low cognitive anxiety group. Prior to the experiment, subjects' were asked to complete CSAI-2 which assessed their state anxiety. Then each subject was asked to performed jump shots at the fault line. Levels of physiological arousal ranged from subject's predicted maximum heart rate (M, M=220-age) down to M-105.Heart rate bandwidths were constructed by increments of 15 bits per minute. In order to control for fatigue effects, the subjects were randomly divided into two groups. One group performed the criterion task with heart rate bandwidths increasing to M and then decreasing to M-105, while the other group performed the task with heart rate bandwidths decreasing from M down to M-105 and then increasing back up to M. In order to manipulate heart rate, subjects were asked to performed shuttle run or took rest until their heart rate meet the criterion. Subject's heart rate was monitored by using a Polar Electro Sport Tester. Subject's performance was measured by using a scoring system of 5 for a clean basket;4 for a rim and in;3 for backboard and in;2 for a rim and out;1 for backboard and out; and 0for a complete miss. The results of this study partically supported the catastrophe model. It was found that a inverted-U relationship between physiological arousal and performance under low cognitive anxiety condition. Hysteresis was found only under high cognitive anxiety condition. In addition, subjects' best performance under high cognitive anxiety condition was significantly better than under low cognitive anxiety condition. However, there was no significantly differences between high cognitive anxiety condition and low cognitive anxiety condition in terms of subjects' worst performance. The implications and future directions of this study are discussed.

並列關鍵字

Catastrophe ； theory ； cognitive ； anxiety ； physiological ； arousal ； hysteresis ； hypothesis