情緒的力量：運動員情緒與運動表現之理論、測量及應用

Power of Emotions: Theory, Measurement, and Application of Athletes' Emotions and Performance

張文馨(Wen Hsin Chang) ； 許詩淇(Shih-Chi Hsu)

《中華體育季刊》 預刊文章 Pp. 1-15

https://doi.org/10.6223/qcpe.202305/PP.0004

摘要

情緒與運動表現是運動心理學家關注的議題。本文揭示在動態的競賽過程中，運動員的正負向情緒皆可提昇運動表現，因此，有意識地在運動或比賽的動態過程中，敏銳地察覺與調控正負向情緒有助於提昇運動表現。本文從理論演進、測量工具、應用層面的介入方案為主軸，回顧與整理相關文獻提出四個面向的觀點：壹、相關理論：運動員情緒與運動表現的相關理論持續在演進中。理論的發展從線性、倒U曲線演進至動態歷程的觀點。貳、相關實證研究：回顧運動員情緒與運動表現之相關實證研究，發現正向與負向情緒皆可提升運動表現。本文建議採用動態歷程的觀點來進行研究，方能捕捉正負向情緒在動態的運動與比賽情境中對運動表現之影響。參、運動員自陳式量表之情緒測量工具：目前已累積不少運動員自陳式量表之情緒測量工具，以利更精確測量運動員正負向情緒與運動表現之關係，對未來的實徵研究之推展立下重要根基。肆、情緒察覺與調控：由於正負向情緒皆可提昇運動表現，因之，本文提出正念的介入課程，以訓練運動員有意識且敏銳察覺與調控正負向情緒，並進而提昇運動表現。本文期望擴大讀者對運動員正負向情緒與運動表現研究之認識，並激發對此議題的研究興趣與實務應用。

關鍵字

核心情緒 ； 倒U字形理論 ； 認知的－動機的－相關的情緒理論 ； 正念覺察

並列摘要

Emotions and athletic performance have received considered attention from sports psychologists. This study proposes that, both positive and negative emotions can improve sports performance in the dynamic competition. Therefore, consciously detecting and regulating positive and negative emotions is important for sports performance. This study examined the theory, measurement, and application of emotion regulation through a literature review to reveal the following findings: (1) Theory: Theoretical frameworks related to athletes' emotions and performance have evolved from the linear and inverted-U models to dynamic research models. (2) Empirical research: Scholars should conduct studies from a dynamic perspective to capture the process of positive and negative emotional changes and their effect on athletes' performance in various sports. (3) Self-report inventory as measurement tools: Various new self-report inventories have been proposed to accurately measure emotions in athletes and their effect on athletic performance, contributing critically to the development of empirical research. (4) Emotion awareness and regulation: Mindfulness have been employed by scholars to assist athletes in awaring and regulating their emotions, effectively improving their sports performance under high stress. The study results are expected to further expand knowledge on athletes' positive and negative emotions and performance, in addition to facilitating research and applications relevant to this topic.

並列關鍵字

cognitive-motivational-relational theory (CMR) ； core emotion ； inverted U-shaped theory ； mindful awareness

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