由記事而敘事：中國早期史學的文本化歷程

本文是對中國早期史學（遠古至西漢初期）演變歷程及原因的一個框架性理論思考。從史學發生學角度，考察中國歷史記憶與歷史回憶的發生與發展，是本文的基本著眼點。歷史記憶與回憶有口頭表述與書面記錄兩種。由口頭表述到書面記錄，就是歷史學的起源與發展歷程。本文的新意有三：第一，人類的歷史記錄方式經歷了“口傳－記事－敘事”三大歷程。也就是說，在人類歷史記錄的第一個時期，只有口傳；進入第二個時期，出現口傳與記事並存；到了第三個時期，則是口傳、記事、敘事三足鼎立。由記事到敘事，是一個由官方記錄而民間編纂、由簡而繁的過程，反映了人類記憶與回憶方式的漸進發展歷程。第二，遵循事物的變化由量變到質變規律，細化記事的發展歷程，將文字記事細化為碎片記事、單篇記事、連續記事、記事編纂四個小階段。大體說來，甲骨文是碎片記事的開始，金文是單篇記事的開始，春秋國史是連續記事文本的開始，孔子《春秋》是最為原始的編年史，是歷史編纂的開始。敘事有單一敘事，多重敘事，《左傳》是以事繫人單一敘事的出現，至於司馬遷《史記》，則是以人為主多重敘事的開始。第三，論證了每一個小段成立的理由，尤其注意到了計時方法的變化、書寫材料與書寫技術的進步過程。代代相傳時間觀念的確立，竹簡的使用，毛筆的使用，是敘事得以確立的條件。

關鍵字

中國史學；記事；敘事；文本化

並列摘要

This is a theories analysis frame on the process and reason of the Chinese earlier period historiography (from to the early west Han). From the angle of the historiography occurrence, the basic point of textual is investigate the occurrence and develop in Chinese history memory and recall. The history remembers and recollection contain two kinds of oral communication and writing record. Being from oral communication to writing records, is the process of origins of history and develop. There are three new meaning of the textual: The first, the record method of human history experienced ”spreads-summary record-narrative” three process. The first period of record in the human history only have spread, the second period appearing spread to summary record; the third period is spreads, summary record, narrative. From the summary record to narrative, is a process of record by authorities to the folks compiles, from Simple to heavy, reflect the process of develop gradually in remember and recall of mankind. The second, follow the variety of the quality and the regulation, change the writing of summary record into four small stages: the fragment summary record, a single summary record, consecution of summary record, compiles of summary record. oracle-bone scripture is beginning of summary record fragment, the text of gold is a beginning of single summary record, the history of a nation is beginning of continuously summary record text, Confucius is the most primitive chronological history, is the beginning of compile of history.; They are the one narrative, much narrative ”Zhu Zhan” is emergence of one narrative, as for ”Shi Ji”, is the beginning of many narrative. The third, from completely of angle, argument each a reason for small segment establishing, particularly noticed to account the variety of the method, the process of advance in the material of writing and the technical of writing. Establishment of the idea of time in devolution in one after one generation, the usage of the bamboo strips, the usage of the Chinese brush-pen, is a term to narrative establishment.