先天道嶺南道脈的思想和實踐：以廣東清遠飛霞洞爲例

本文探討先天道（先天大道）嶺南道脈，即近代廣東地區所出現的新型態道教社團運動之一。先天道是以清代雍正年間在江西創立的無爲金丹道（也被稱爲青蓮教）爲前身的宗教教派，其源流可以追溯到明代成立的羅教。先天道於十九世紀後半進入廣東地區以來，其教派勢力在幾十年之間，急劇地擴大到廣東全區。本文先追溯先天道在嶺南地區發展的經過和背景，其次以隸屬嶺南道脈中最大規模的「清遠飛霞洞」爲個案，探討先天道的信徒和活動，及其思想和實踐。清遠飛霞洞是由麥長天提倡，從1912年起在清遠飛來峽的嵎峽山建立的。飛霞洞最繁榮的是二十世紀二、三十年代，當時有數百餘名男女信徒生活其間。本文特別關注清遠飛霞洞的文獻，探討清遠飛霞洞信徒的面貌、活動、事業的實際情況，及其修養觀和死生觀。此外，探討飛霞洞的領袖之一何廷璋與他所編輯的《天人秘籙》的思想。最後提及1949年後飛霞洞成爲「取締反動會道門運動」攻擊對象的經過。

關鍵字

先天道；廣東；嶺南道脈；清遠飛霞洞；救世團體

並列摘要

This article intends to examine the ideas and practices of the Lingnan branch of the Xiantiandao (Great Way of Former Heaven) in modern Guangdong by focusing on the Feixia dong (Cave of Flying Clouds), its largest-scale vegetarian hall. One of the famous redemptive societies, the Xiantiandao was the successor to a popular religious sect called Wuwei jindandao (another name for the Qinglianjiao) founded in Jiangxi during the reign of the Yongzheng emperor (1722-1736); its origins can be traced to the Luojiao, which arose during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). The Lingnan branch spread rapidly all over Guangdong within just a few decades after a member of Xiantiandao from Hunan preached its ideas in Qingyuan County during the mid-nineteenth century, with construction of the Feixia dong beginning on a Daoist sacred mountain Yuxia in 1912. Its founder Mai Changtian was a wealthy merchant who ventured his entire fortune on this construction project. During its heyday from the 1920s to 1930s, hundreds of male and female members practiced a vegetarian diet and self-cultivation, withdrawing from the secular world. By examining various documents from the Feixia dong, the paper not only focuses attention on its members, activities and businesses, but also treats its ideas about life and death as seen in its scriptures and rituals. I also examine the ideas of a series of spirit-written oracles entitled Tianren milu, which was edited by He Tingzhang, a prominent leader of Lingnan branch. After 1949, the Feixia dong was persecuted by the Communist Party, becoming a target of the campaign to eradicate ”reactionary sects and secret societies” that arose in 1953.