南朝吳興項羽信仰的神蹟文本製作與國家地方之互動

南朝吳興項羽信仰兼具民間祠祀、軍神等性質，境遇發展與建康蔣子文信仰頗有會通之處，而項羽信仰強烈的地域性，適又與蔣子文信仰的國家化形成劇烈反差。晉宋時期的項羽神蹟文本，多環繞於外來太守的遭祟與死亡，此一「頻喪太守」的傳說，源自吳興地區叛亂與鎮壓的軍事暴力記憶，此時神蹟文本側重外來者與項羽神的衝突。齊梁以後，吳興與建康的競爭場域從軍事轉向宗教，項羽神從作祟到蔬食祭祀，以及吳興地區廣建佛寺，象徵民間信仰與國家、佛教從抗衡到妥協的過程。在神蹟文本的製作上，項羽信仰的故事情節具有高度的重複性，吳興土著透過神蹟文本威嚇外來太守，國家也透過改造故事情節而壓制地方，書寫者的立場不同會直接影響神蹟文本的發展。

關鍵字

佛教；吳興；南朝；神蹟文本；項羽

並列摘要

The cult of Xiang Yu in the Wuxing area during the Southern Dynasties illustrates that Xiang Yu was both a local deity and a god of war. Its circumstances and development resemble that of the Jiang Ziwen in the Jiankang area. However, the strong ＂local＂ nature of Xiang Yu's cult strikes a stark contrast with the ＂state＂ character of Jiang Ziwen's cult. Hagiography of Xiang Yu in the Eastern Jin and Song dynasties mainly recounts certain magistrates' encounters with evil spirits or their untimely deaths. Legends of intermittent local magistrates' deaths suggest a reminiscence of the military violence which resulted from the uprisings and subsequent brutal suppressions. The hagiography of this period highlights the conflicts between intruders and the deity of Xiang Yu. After Qi and Liang dynasties, the arena between Wuxing and Jiankang shifted from military to religion. The deity Xiang Yu metamorphosed from an evil-causing spirit to one who received vegetarian offerings. Meanwhile, numerous constructions of Buddhist temples in the Wuxing area indicates that contention between local cults, the state, and Buddhism had reached a compromise. Regarding the production of hagiography, certain plots of Xiang Yu's legend are highly repetitive. The natives of Wuxing intimidated nonnative magistrates with the legend, while the state revised the plot to rein in local power. Different stance determines different impact on the development of the hagiography.