漢語反序複合詞研究－以閩客語為例

Research of Reverse-Compound Words in Chinese Language-Southern-Min as Example

呂嵩雁(Sung-Ian Lu)

《花蓮教育大學學報（綜合類）》 22期 (2006/05) Pp. 1-18

https://doi.org/10.7073/JNHUEB.200605.0001

摘要

所謂「反序複合詞」是指複合詞次序顛倒的現象，例如：「離別」與「別離」、「兄弟」與「弟兄」。漢語反序複合詞就意義的改變與否而言有兩種：一種是複合詞前後次序顛倒後意義不變。例如：喜歡－歡喜，背後－後背；另一種是次序顛倒後，意義改變的構詞不在本文研究範圍內。例如：紅花－花紅，虛心－心虛。對照古籍文獻也有前述構詞現象。此外，也有把「公」「母」「牯」「嬤」的性別詞當作後綴的構詞方式，例如：鴨嬤、牛牯。經過對比漢語方言詞彙，發現東南方言卻普遍出現這些性別詞，而且又分為有意義與無意義者的反序結構，例如：客語：母鴨－鴨嬤，公牛－牛牯；閩語：公雞－雞公，母狗－狗姆；粵語：雄貓－貓公，以上性別詞都屬於有意義。至於不具備意義的性別詞以閩客語最多，客語：石牯、笠嬤、刀嬤、手指公，閩南語：虱母、拳頭母。對於反序詞各種現象我們推測：詞義不變的反序詞在商周時代就已經很普遍，以性別詞當後綴的反序詞，其中具備性別意義的構詞應該是漢人到達南方後，漢書通婚，文化交流，漢語詞彙受到百越的特殊構詞影響而呈現反序結構的詞彙。至於閩客語不具備性別意義的複合詞，可能是古越語的殘留。

關鍵字

反序複合詞 ； 閩語 ； 客語 ； 壯族 ； 畬族

並列摘要

Reverse-compound words are compound words which its order had been reversed such as and ”别離” (both intend to departure), ”兄弟” and ”弟兄”(both intend to brothers). Reverse-compound words have two different conditions: one is the original meaning will not alter though word's order had been reversed. For example, ”歡喜-喜歡” (to like) and ”後背-後背 (back of someone)” While another is the meaning differs after reverse the words such as ”紅花-花紅(red flower vs. flower is turning red)” and ”虛心-心虛(open-minded vs. to feel guilty)”. The later are not in this research. Refer to ancient volumes could also found the appearances above described. Furthermore, there is also a way which use gender-related characters”公”, ”母”, ”牯”, or ”嬷” as suffixes to modify characters before. For instance, ”鴨嬤(a female duck)”, ”牛牯 (an ox)” Through comparison with lexicons in Chinese language it is discovered that gender-related words exist generally in East-West dialects and divide into two groups, meaningful and meaningless ”母鴨-狗姆(a female duck)”, ”公牛-牛牯(an ox)” in Hakka, ”公雞-雞公 (a rooster)”, ”母狗-狗姆(a female dog)” in Southern-Mim, and ”雄貓 (a male cat)”, ”母貓-貓也母(a female cat)” in Cantonese, gender characters in words above are meaningful, indicating its gender. The meaningless words exist most in Southern-Min and Hakka dialect such as ”石牯(a stone)”, ”笠嬷 (a kind of hat weaved by straw)”, ”刀嬷 (a knife)” and ”手指公(the thumb)” in Hakka and ”虱母(a louse)”, ”拳頭母 (a fist)” in Southern-Mi Through this it is presume that the reversed words which do not alter meanings appeared commonly since the Shang-Jhou (商周) dynasty. The gender-related characters which reverse words use as suffixes might result from the intermarriage and culture interchange after some of the Hans migrated to south, where Shes (畬族人) used to live. Lexicons of Han language were affected by particular styles of Pai-Ye (百越) tribes, which caused words to be reverse-compound. The meaningless words in Hakka or Southern-Min, however, might remained from Old Ye(古越語) dialect.

並列關鍵字

Reverse-compound words ； Southern-Min dialect ； Hakka dialect ； Chuang race ； She race