應物制巧 隨變生趣—以《昭明文選》曹植章表為範例

本篇以《昭明文選》曹植〈求自試表〉、〈求通親親表〉兩表為範例，觀察其徵引典故，「應物制巧，隨變生趣」，呈現不同之修辭現象及效果：或宗經彰義，或文眼顧注、或扣題照應、或切類指事、或映襯愈明、或舛互愈顯、或層遞見理、或夸飾見情、或借代明志、或印證情理等十項。兩表用典凡一百二十八處，其中儒家經典有五十八處，幾乎佔用典之半，「宗經」所以「彰義」故深得劉勰之讚賞，使居諸項之前者以此也。

關鍵字

古文；章表；曹植；修辭

並列摘要

This work uses as examples two memorials to the emperor by Cao Zhi collected in ”Zhao Ming Wen Xuan” or Selections of Refined Literature. They are ”QiuZi Shi Biao”, requesting for a position, and ”Qiu Tong Qin Qin Biao”, requesting the emperor not to distance himself from relatives. We observe, as Cao Zhi cited quotations and stories, how his choice and use of words changed depending on the context, pleasing and delighting readers. These memorials as a result present the following rhetorical phenomena and effects: 1. Highlighting truth by following Confucian classics. 2. Revealing the the key points by stressing them in the beginning and the end. 3. Not digressing from but cling to the title. 4. Reasoning using appropriate metaphors. 5. Better exposing emotions and ambitions by analogy parallelism. 6. Manifestinglogic by exception clauses. 7. Highlighting logic by built-on sentences. 8. Expressing emotions by hyperboles. 9. Clarifying ambitions by substitution. 10. Substantiating his reasons and emotions by parables. These two letters cited 128 quotations and stories, nearly half (58) of which are Confucian. The purpose of Cao Zhi's following ”Confucian classics” was to ”highlight the truth”, which was greatly praised by Liu Xie. This is also why it is the first item discussed in this work.