《尚書．顧命》「越玉五重，陳寶」訓釋商榷

古籍註釋持說有別本極為常見，但鮮有分歧密集如「越玉五重，陳寶」者。本文稽考史料、語料，從禮制、故實、觀念、章法、語義、行文等各方面綜合研析、互證，認為，後出卻對近代學界影響頗大的「陳寶」玉名說、「越地所獻玉」說、「玉一雙為重」說等，都各有未能成立的論據關礙，也不如傳統的主流註解最能多方自洽。概言之，「陳寶」，即偽孔所言「陳先王所寶之器物」。「越」非關地域，其餘訓釋無論介詞或語詞皆無礙後文五重玉的內涵。「重」實則當如明清主流見解讀作輕重之重，重者鎮也，「玉五重」即周禮大喪所陳的「玉鎮」，亦偽孔指出列於東、西二序之弘璧、琬琰、大玉、夷玉、天球五者。頗受質疑的「琬、琰並為一重」，乃因禮之義上兩者結合方得以完成某種象徵，並非強行為說。

關鍵字

尚書；顧命；越玉五重；陳寶；註釋

並列摘要

It is common for us to see different notes and interpretations on classic ancient texts, but it is rare to see a case like ＂Yue Yu Wu Chong/Zhong, Chen Bao＂ which has aroused considerable controversy. This papers conducts study on the ascertained historic documents and corpus and carries out a comprehensive analysis and cross-evaluation in terms of ritual, historical anecdote, concept, art of composition, semantics, and style or writing. It is believed that influential notes proposed later, such as ＂ 'Chen Bao' is the name of jade＂, ＂it is the tribute of jade offered by the land of Yue＂, and ＂a pair of jade is called Chong＂, are supported by flawed evidence, and are not as self-consistent as the traditional mainstream notes. In summary, the term ＂Chen Bao＂ refers to what Pseudo-Kong Anguo (falsely attributed to Kong Anguo) calls ＂the treasures displayed by deceased emperors in former times＂. ＂Yue＂ is not about a region, while the prepositions and words and phrases of the rest of the annotation have no bearing on the connotation of the five Zhongs of jade in the subsequent part of the text. ＂Chong/Zhong＂ should be pronounced as ＂Zhong＂ (same with the pronunciation when it means heavy) as was mainly believed in the Ming and Qing dynasties, meaning ＂Zhen (to stablize)＂, while the ＂Yu Wu Zhong＂ is the ＂Yu Zhen＂ at display during extravagant funerals based on the Rites of Zhou, i.e., the five treasures at display in the east and west chambers as is put forward by Pseudo-Kong Anguo, namely Hongbi, Wan Yan, Dayu, Yiyu and Tianqiu. The much-questioned ＂Wan and Yan as one Zhong＂ is a certain symbol of the achievement of integration of the two in the sense of ritual.