亞洲神學之實況化詮釋學的形成與轉變

The Formation and Transformation of the Contextualising Hermeneutics of Asian Theology

歐力仁

《宗教哲學》 48期 (2009/06) Pp. 123-142

https://doi.org/10.6309/JORP.200906_(48).0009

摘要

自啟蒙連動以降的幾個世紀中，聖經詮釋的領域一直是由歐洲（特別是德國）自由神學的「歷史批判法」所壟斷。直到廿世紀初才被巴特《羅馬書注釋》的「神學釋經學」以及稍後布特曼的「解神話詮釋學」方法所打破。然而，巴特和布特曼的神學的關注的對象仍舊是以歐洲基督教會和社會為主；其內容對於思維方式、宗教文化與社會處境截然不同的亞洲基督徒而言，難以感同身受。於是，有些亞洲基督徒就在第二次大戰後逐漸產生的「後殖民論述」潮流中，深入檢討殖民時期西方傳教士在亞洲地區所做之「宣教」的功與過。雖然這群亞洲神學家們肯定西方宣教師將福音帶到亞洲的貢獻，然而，也對他們在強勢宣教過程中對當地文化的忽略甚至鄙視提出深刻的反省和強烈的批判。亞洲神學家們將這些「反省」與「批判」統稱為「亞洲神學」。亞洲神學批判的範圍及於政治、經濟、宗教文化和經典……等各領域。本文的旨趣是探討亞洲神學在聖經詮釋方面所做的努力。為了跳脫西方聖經詮釋學，亞洲神學家們強調一種「實況化詮釋學」。一開始，亞洲神學的先驅黃彰輝將這種為了宣教而從事的實況化詮釋學視為「從文本到實況」的努力，亦即重視聖經與實況之間的平衡互動。然而，由於諸多亞洲國家政治社會的獨裁與動盪，亞洲神學所關注的焦點逐漸轉移對專制政權的批判與民主化的要求。因此，實況化詮釋學的重心也逐漸變成「從實況到文本」；也就是「根據亞洲各地的政治和社會實況作為聖經詮釋的依據」之釋經學。本文分為五個部分來論述之。第一，觀察亞洲神學在基督宗教內部的發展。由此發覺，亞洲神學其實是一種反西方基督教傳統的運動。第二，論述亞洲神學的兩個主要任務：使福音在亞洲文化中被認同，並在基督宗教和其他宗教之間開啟建設性的對話。第三，說明亞洲神學最重要的方法論－實況化原則。扼要地說，此方法論就是堅持以亞洲各地特殊的社會－政治實況來理解基督教信仰，而非對西方宣教師的教導照單全收。第四，探討亞洲神學家如何把實況化方法應用於聖經詮釋上。他們認為，實況化神學詮釋學是以突顯「亞洲特性」為前提，以打破聖經中心主義，並「從其他經典發掘聖經的意義」為終極目標。第五，對亞洲神學詮釋學作一個粗略的檢視，除了提出它尚待釐清之處，也藉此澄清亞洲神學家對「傳統神學」的誤解。

關鍵字

亞洲神學 ； 後殖民主義 ； 實況化 ； 褔音與文化 ； 聖經詮釋學

並列摘要

Since the Enlightenment the field of biblical studies has been dominated by historical criticism of liberal Protestantism until the Karl Barth's theological exegesis and Rudolf Bultmann's demythologisation. Although inspiring but the theological concern of Barth and Bultmann mainly focused on European churches and societies rather than the Asian. As a result, some Asian Christians, following the trend of postcolonial discourse emerging after World War II, begin to re-evaluate western missionaries' mission in Asia during the western colonisation. While appreciating western missionaries' contribution of bringing the Gospel to Asia, the Asian theologians also criticise them of ignoring local cultures in the process of their mission. These theological re-evaluation and criticism from Asian perspectives called ”Asian theology”.The main purpose of this research is to discover how Asian theology does to disassociate itself from the so-called ”western biblical exegesis” by arguing for a ”contextual hermeneutics”. At first, the pioneer of Asian theology Shoki Coe regarded contextual hermeneutics as a Missiological effort of from-text-to-context, that is, a concern on the balance between the biblical text and social context. Nevertheless, due to the political dictatorship and endless riots within most Asian countries Asian theologians eventually turn their focus to the criticism of autocracy and the pursuit of democracy. As a result, contextual hermeneutics becomes a biblical interpretation of from-context-to-text, that is, to interpret the Bible according to various Asian socio-political contexts.This article consists of five parts: (1) to argue that Asian theology is actually a movement of anti-western Christian traditions; (2) to reveal the twofold task of Asian theology-assimilating Christianity into Asian cultures and opening dialogue between Christianity and other religions; (3) to introduce the methodology of Asian theology, i.e. the principle of contextualisation; (4) to illustrate how ”contextualisation” is applied to the interpretation of the Bible by Asian theologians; (5) to point out that hermeneutics of contextualisation can only succeed in highlighting context by scarifying the biblical text.

並列關鍵字

Asian theology ； contextualisation ； Gospel and culture ； theological hermeneutics