道教存思術探微

Exploration on the Scheme of Taoist Meditation

孫嘉鴻

《宗教哲學》 54期 (2010/12) Pp. 117-138

https://doi.org/10.6309/JORP.201012_(54).0008

摘要

「存思養生」，原是先秦神仙家修煉方術之一，自古即被視為長生成仙的重要手段。對於存思、存想之術，早期道教的經典，如《老子中經》、《太平經》都有不少關於存想術的內容。道教以為吾身中百戶之神，與天上諸神，係相呼應者。人身宛如一小宇宙，身體的情形，與宇宙的萬像是相通的。吾身各部位既有不同之神，因而修煉者須以觀想方式，使吾身之神行無守住門戶，便能得道成仙。東漢以後，存思術被納入道教方術體系之中，成為道教修煉防病養生的重要手段；後世道教的眾多法術都跟存思術有密不可分的關係。六朝時上清派極重視存思身神、引氣行身的修煉法門，到了唐宋，並和內丹修煉精氣神的法門相結合。因此存思養生術可謂道教法術之根基，歷來養生家均極為推重，相關資料以道藏中氣功部分論述最詳。本論文嘗試分析討論：道教存思術之起源、發展、流變、內涵與特色，並與道教內丹之術及現代醫學作一會通考察，以彰顯道教方術之運用，期能較全面的掌握道教成仙法門。

關鍵字

存思 ； 養生 ； 道教 ； 道家 ； 氣功

並列摘要

”Meditational nourishment” was originally one of the pre-Ching Dynasty cultivation methods practiced by the Shenxian School. It has been considered a most important means to obtain longevity and the status of deities. Regarding the technique of meditational arts, ancient Taoist classic books like « Laozi Xiang'er zhu» and « The Classic of Great Peace » contain ample information about meditational arts. In Taoism, the hundreds of gods living in all parts of human body mutually echo to the gods in heaven. Human body is like a small universe, the conditions of our body are in alliance with all various phenomena in universe. Since there are various gods in various parts of our body, people who practice cultivation need to adopt the meditational schemes and enable the gods in our body to guard our body well.After East Han dynasty, the meditational arts have been incorporated into one of the most important Taoist cultivation schemes to prevent diseases and nourish life. Numerous Taoist magic crafts are intimately connected to meditational arts. The Shan-ching School in the Era of the Six Dynasties puts a lot of emphasis on cultivating methods like meditating on the gods in our body, as well as guiding the chi to circulate in our body. Till Tang Dynasty and Sung Dynasty, these combined with Nei Dan cultivating methods in energy-chi-spirit. Meditational arts for life nourishment deserve to be called the foundation of Taoist magic crafts, which has been much stressed by life-nourishing experts in history. Within all the related information, the discourse on the Taoist Chi-kung comes with most details.In this research paper, I attempt to analyze and discuss the originality of Taoist meditational art, its development, variations and different schools, its cultivation, special features, and an examination on the amalgamation and communication between Taoist Nei Dan practice and modern medicine in order to demonstrate the application of Taoist magic crafts with the expectation to have an overall grip on the ways and skills of Taoist deity cultivation.

並列關鍵字

Meditational Art ； Life Nourishment ； Taoism ； Taoist ； Chi-kung