湛甘泉與陽明後學對於本體工夫之詮釋與會通

湛若水（1466-1560），字元明，號甘泉，廣東增城人，生於明憲宗成化元年，從學于明儒陳白沙，于明孝宗弘乙丑年間進士及第，于明嘉靖皇帝年間擔任尚書之職位，於儒學上的傳承而言，亦是位儒學大成就者，其工夫是以「勿忘勿助」為主要修行的方式，其教法以「隨處體認天理」為宗，並以此進行本體工夫之實踐。以湛甘泉而言，其工夫論的運作，主要分「學」與「覺」兩大類之系統的運作，從對於習心的對治角度來看，便是從有限的智心入手，進行對於人欲的對治，以古訓做為修行的參考典範，進行對「習心」之對治，也就是「學」的工夫之成就，同時亦利用靜坐的方式，使內在本具的心之生理，得以顯現其自淨能力，以完成對於本心之自覺義之修行，而成就「覺」之工夫，二者合一便得見天理。以上便為湛甘泉本體工夫的重點，其教法雖然高明，但是因為重視學問之功，故湛甘泉與王陽明便因此而常進行工夫的辨義，不過卻也因其實修上的工夫高妙，因此得到陽明後學的尊崇，故常向甘泉請教，也因此而產生了雙方實修工夫上的會通，故筆者便針對此點，進行討論湛王二家於工夫上的交流與會通。

關鍵字

湛若水；天理；中正之心；學覺合一；習心之對治；勿忘勿助

並列摘要

As an important Confucian in Ming Dynasty, Zhan Ganguan is one of those who emphasize grounding the moral practice on the understanding of the ontological entity. With a focus on the impartance of realizing the principle of Heaven at all times, Zhan's theory of moral practice considers both ＂learning＂ and ＂enlightenment＂: for the former, to learn is to learn how to restrain one's depraved mind or desires, as well as to behave in accord with the ancient Confucian maxims; for the latter, to enlighten is to enlighten oneself by sitting tranquilly that s/he has an inborn moral quality in one's mind. To sum up, one is able to grasp the principle of Heaven if and only if one is excellent in learning, and is also successful in enlightening his/herself. Even though Zhan Ganguan's doctrine of moral practice is sophisticated, he is always challeged by Wang Yangming, whose philosophy is rather focusing on the realization of pure knowledge, which is very different from Zhan's emphasis on external learning. Interestingly, some of Wang Yangming's disciples respect Zhan's approach, and this can be regarded as opening up the possibility for Zhan to communicate with Wang in terms of how to act morally. In this paper, I shall discuss Zhan's moral practice in a systematical way, which is a theoretical ground for a further comparison between Zhan and Yangming's disciples.

並列關鍵字

Zhan Ganguan ； Practice Based on the Understanding of the Ontological Entity ； Principle of Heaven ； The Combination of Learning and Enlightenment

國際替代計量

湛甘泉與陽明後學對於本體工夫之詮釋與會通

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