COVID-19疫情下的家庭氣氛：家長的情緒調節、焦慮與調適，以及兒童情緒經驗的關聯性

Home Atmosphere During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Associations among Parents' Emotional Regulation, Anxiety and Adjustment, and Children's Emotional Experiences

吳志文(Chih-Wen Wu) ； 謝淑惠(Shu-Hui Hsieh) ； 張鑑如(Chien-Ju Chang) ； 程景琳(Ching-Ling Cheng)

《調查研究-方法與應用》 49期 (2022/10) Pp. 47-90

摘要

本研究關注COVID-19疫情下兒童的情緒經驗，並援引生態系統理論的觀點探討家長情緒調節、焦慮反應與調適表現對兒童負面與正面情緒的影響。經以878筆線上疫情生活調查的家長－兒童資料進行結構方程模型分析，結果指出：⑴家長的焦慮反應與兒童較多的負面情緒有關；⑵家長的調適表現與兒童較多的正面情緒、較少的負面情緒有關；⑶家長採取反芻的情緒調節策略，會透過加劇自身焦慮反應、降低自身調適表現，進而增加兒童的負面情緒並減少兒童的正面情緒；⑷家長採取轉移注意力的情緒調節策略，會透過提升自身調適表現，進而減少兒童的負面情緒並增加兒童的正面情緒；⑸家長採取重新評估的情緒調節策略，能緩減自身的焦慮反應，且可透過提升自身調適表現，進而減少兒童的負面情緒並增加兒童的正面情緒；⑹家長採取壓抑的情緒調節策略，會加劇自身的焦慮反應；⑺家長採取與人分享的情緒調節策略，會透過加劇自身焦慮反應，進而增加兒童的負面情緒。

關鍵字

COVID-19疫情 ； 情緒調節 ； 焦慮反應 ； 調適表現 ； 兒童情緒經驗

並列摘要

To understand children's emotional experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study adopted the viewpoint of ecological systems theory and investigated the effects of parents' emotional regulation, anxiety, and adjustment on children's negative and positive emotions. Data for a total of 878 parent-child pairs were collected from an online survey. Structural equation modeling analysis was conducted with acceptable model fit (SB_χ^2=156.70, df=101, p＜.001, CFI=0.98, TLI=0.96, RMSEA=0.025, 90% CI of RMSEA=[0.017, 0.032], SRMR=0.019). For children's negative emotions, the effect of parents' anxiety about the pandemic was positively significant (β=0.26, p＜.001), while the effect of parents' adjustment to the pandemic was negatively significant (β=-0.20, p＜.001). For children's positive emotions, the effect of parents' adjustment was positively significant (β=0.29, p＜.001), while the effect of parents' anxiety was non-significant. Parents' rumination on pandemic-induced emotions was positively related to their anxiety (γ=0.45, p＜.001). The mediating effect of parents' anxiety was only significant for the path from parents' rumination to children's negative emotion (estimate=0.12, S.E.=0.03, Sobel's Z=3.90, p＜.001, 95% CI=[0.06, 0.19]) but non-significant for the path to children's positive emotion. Parents' rumination was negatively related to their adjustment (γ=-0.13, p=.003). The mediating effect of parents' adjustment was significant for the path from parents' rumination to children's negative emotions (estimate=0.03, S.E.=0.01, Sobel's Z=2.25, p=.03, 95% CI=[0.01, 0.06]) and positive ones (estimate=-0.04, S.E.=0.01, Sobel's Z=-2.51, p=.01, 95% CI=[-0.08, -0.01]). Parents' distraction from pandemic-induced emotions was only positively related to their adjustment (γ=0.14, p＜.001). The mediating effect of parents' adjustment was significant for the path from parents' distraction to children's negative emotions (estimate=-0.03, S.E.=0.01, Sobel's Z=-2.56, p=.01, 95% CI=[-0.06, -0.01]) and positive ones (estimate=0.04, S.E.=0.01, Sobel's Z=2.82, p=.005, 95% CI=[0.02, 0.08]). Parents' reappraisal was negatively related to their anxiety (γ=-0.09, p=.03). However, the mediating effect of parents' anxiety was non-significant for the path from parents' reappraisal to children's negative and positive emotions. Parents' reappraisal of pandemic-induced emotions was positively related to their adjustment (γ=0.15, p=.001). The mediating effect of parents' adjustment was significant for the path from parents' reappraisal to children's negative emotions (estimate=-0.03, S.E.=0.01, Sobel's Z=-2.37, p=.02, 95% CI=[-0.07, -0.01]) and positive ones (estimate=0.04, S.E.=0.02, Sobel's Z=2.57, p=.01, 95% CI=[0.01, 0.09]). Parents' suppression was positively related to their anxiety (γ=0.08, p=.03). However, the mediating effect of parents' anxiety was non-significant for the path from parents' suppression of pandemic-induced emotions to children's negative and positive emotions. Parents' social sharing was only positively related to their anxiety (γ=0.10, p=.002). The mediating effect of parents' anxiety was significant for the path from parents' social sharing to children's negative emotions (estimate=0.03, S.E.=0.01, Sobel's Z=2.49, p=.01, 95% CI=[0.01, 0.06]) but non-significant for the path to children's positive emotions. These findings might be of importance in providing professional consultants and family life educators a better understanding of how children's emotional experiences in stressful environments are affected by their parents' emotional regulation, anxiety, and adjustment.

並列關鍵字

COVID-19 pandemic ； emotional regulation ； anxiety response ； adjustment performance ； children's emotional experiences

參考文獻

張鑑如，謝淑惠，周麗端，廖鳳瑞，2017，〈幼兒發展調查資料庫建置計畫簡介〉。《中國統計學報》，55(1): 42-62。（Chang, Chien-ju, Hsieh, Shu-hui, Chou, Li-tuan, and Liaw, Fong-ruey, 2017, “Kids in Taiwan: National Longitudinal Study of Child Development & Care (KIT).” Journal of the Chinese Statistical Association 55(1): 42–62.）

Aldao, Amelia, Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, and Susanne Schweizer, 2010, “Emotion-Regulation Strategies across Psychopathology: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Clinical Psychology Review 30(2): 217-237.

Bariola, Emily, Eleonora Gullone, and Elizabeth Hughes, 2011, “Child and Adolescent Emotion Regulation: The Role of Parental Emotion Regulation and Expression.” Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 14(2): 198–212.

Baumeister, Roy F., Ellen Bratslavsky, Catrin Finkenauer, and Kathleen D. Vohs, 2001, “Bad is Stronger than Good.” Review of General Psychology 5(4): 323-370.

Bentler, Peter M., 1990, “Comparative fit indexes in Structural Models.” Psychological Bulletin 107(2): 238–246.