鍚安主義的形成、演變及猶太人的復國

The Formation, Evolution of Zionism and Nation-Rebuilding of the Jews

杜子信(Tzu-Hsin Tu)

《興大歷史學報》 25期 (2012/06) Pp. 107-147

https://doi.org/10.29624/CHJH.201206.0008

摘要

鍚安主義是猶太人在19世紀歐洲近代民族主義的風潮興起以來，受其啓發而形成的猶太民族運動。鍚安主義者最初希望藉由自身宗教信仰及民族文化為基礎，塑造出猶太民族一體的集體歸屬感，使猶太民族及其特有的信仰、習俗及文化亙久長存，其後若干猶太有識之士並且由此種歸屬感出發，期望在未來建構出獨立自主的猶太民族國家。然而鍚安主義在興起之初，實際上卻面臨著種種的難題，其中最艱困者在於，猶太人已亡國近兩千年之久，絕大部分的猶太人經過歷史上長期的飄泊流離而落腳於其他國度，況且被猶太人視為民族聖地的巴勒斯坦，至19世紀初時猶太人口總數僅餘約5000名左右，且全境隸屬於鄂圖曼土耳其帝國所統轄。此種情形使得猶太民族主義相較於同期其他民族主義而言，並無一片核心領域可資立足及發展，因而猶太有識之士為求能夠解決自身民族問題而構思出不同的解決方案，但是許多方案皆受困於現實國際政治而不可行，最後獨立建國派終於在鍚安主義陣營中脫穎而出而取得主導地位，從而確立了鍚安主義的未來發展路線是朝向復國於巴勒斯坦之路而行。即令如此，鍚安主義者卻因缺乏足夠的政治實力，無力阻止600萬猶太同胞於二戰期間橫遭納粹黨人大屠殺的噩運。從這段悲慘命運之中卻激發出猶太民族強大的集體民族意識，最後「重回以色列之地」的近2000年復國之夢終能在1948年實現。本文試圖由近代民族主義對於猶太民族意識的喚醒、鍚安主義在全歐反猶主義氛圍中的蓬勃發展，以及鍚安主義在發展歷程中所面臨的困境為題而進行分析，期能通盤明瞭猶太民族運動的全貌及猶太人復國之始末。

關鍵字

鍚安主義 ； 猶太民族運動 ； 猶太人 ； 以色列 ； 希伯來語文 ； 赫爾茨

並列摘要

The Zionism is the Jewish national movement undertaken by the Jews in the wake of the modern European nationalism of the 19th century. The Zionists purported to construct a collective sense of belonging of the Jewish people by appealing to their religious tradition and national culture. In this way, the Jewish nation, their particular religion, customs and culture would be perpetuated. With such a sense of belonging, an autonomous Jewish nation-state was believed to be formed in the near future. However, the Zionism faced a variety of difficulties in the promotion process. The most challenging problem was that the Jews did not have their own land, on which they based themselves and developed. This can be traced back to their almost two millennia of existence of the Jewish Diaspora without a national state. Most Jews lived in a Diaspora in their long history of homelessness. Palestine, the Land of Promise in the eyes of the Jews, was populated with only 5000 people until the beginning of the 19th century and under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Consequently, the Jewish intellectuals attempted to figure out different solutions to their own national problems and set up agendas for their nation-building. But many plans and projects failed on the ground of the international politics. The Zionists finally decided to move to recover themselves in Palestine. Since then, the future development of the Zionism was established. However, because of lack of political power, the Zionists could not stop their 6 millions fellows from being slaughtered by the Nazis during the World War II. Thereafter, they finally cohered collective national consciousness. In 1948, their movement was ultimately successful in establishing Israel as the homeland for the Jewish people, and their dreams of ”being back to Eretz Israel” finally realized. This study aims to explore how modern nationalism awakened the Jewish consciousness and enlightened the Zionism. Furthermore, the impact that flourishing development of Anti-Semitism exerted over the Zionism, and its concomitant dilemma are also the focuses of this analysis.

並列關鍵字

Zionism ； the Jewish national movement ； the Jews ； Israel ； Hebrew ； Theodor Herzl

參考文獻

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