《詩經．曹風》詩旨於春秋曹史之研究

Studies on the Poetry Objectives of the Tsao Feng, The Book of Songs and the Tsao History, Spring and Autumn Period

劉逸文(Yi-Wen Liu)

《元培學報》 21期 (2014/12) Pp. 75-93

摘要

本篇研究《詩經．曹風》詩旨於春秋曹史中地位，以歷史之角度研究詩經，希還原詩經於周史中原貌，此為本人研究之動機。並採用歷史法、分析、歸納法，典籍與地下文物「二重證據法」加以考證。今寫《詩經．曹風》詩旨於春秋曹史之研究，從曹昭公至曹共公之史實而言之。本文內容分為五節，第一節前言：研究動機、前人研究成果、研究內容、研究方法、研究目的。第二節：分述曹國之歷史、地理、闡釋詩旨。第三節敘述一段：周惠王之時，曹昭公即位，曹國政衰，曹昭公好奢，而任小人，民無所依，詩人憂國破將亡，作詩以刺之。第四節分述三段：曹共公素行輕慢，無禮於晉文公，且侵刻諸地，晉文公討伐於曹，分諸地於諸國，詩人作詩以刺之。第五節結論：周惠王時，曹國政衰，曹昭公好奢而任小人。曹共公輕慢無禮於晉文公，晉文公討伐曹國，分諸地於諸國。至曹伯陽好田獵，宋景公滅之，曹國亡。詩序云：「上以風化下，下以風刺上，主文而譎諫，言之者無罪，聞之者足以戒，故曰風」。「風」有二義（1）風化（2）諷刺之義。詩之功用乃在移風易俗，獎善罰惡。詩為歷史之眼，希借曹國詩歌與歷史興衰之弊足為後人殷鑑，此為研究目的。

關鍵字

詩經 ； 曹風 ； 曹史 ； 詩旨 ； 春秋史

並列摘要

This paper studied the role of the poetry objectives of Tsao Feng Chapter of The Book of Songs in the Tsao History in the Spring and Autumn Period. To study The Book of Songs from the historical aspect aiming to restore the original pictures of the Book in the Zhou History was the motivation of the author. The paper applied the historical method, analyzing, induction method, literatures and excavated documents and used the dual attestation method to verify the results. The paper consisted of five sections. Section I was the Preface: Describing the motivation of the study, the research content, used research methods and research purposes. Section II described the history and geography of the Tsao State and explained the poetry objectives. Section III described one historical fact: When King Hui of Zhou governed the country, Duke Tsao become the Load of Tsao State. Duke Tsao was extravagant. His ruling power was weak and always recruited flunky people to his administration. His people were helpless since there was few official they could count on. Poets worried that the State might soon be conquered by other states and composed songs to satirize the situation. Section IV contained three parts: Duke Kung of Tsao State was irreverent. He insulted Duke Wen of Chin State and occupied lands of other states' intentionally. Duke Wen of Chin led troops to fight and beat that of Tsao. Tsao returned the occupied plus extra lands to the states to cease the battle. Poets wrote songs to satirize the event. Section V was the Conclusion: In the period of King Hui of Zhou, the ruling power of the Tsao State was weak. Duke Zhao of Tsao State was extravagant and liked to use flunky persons. Duke Kung of Tsao was irreverent and conducted unbelievable rude behavior to Duke Wen of Chin, resulting in his leading of his troops to fight against Tsao. Tsao was beaten and forced to surrender lands to states. When it came to the period of Duke Yang of Tsao, who enjoyed farming and hunting, Duke Ching of Sung State conquered Tsao State. It disappeared from then on. The preface of The Book of Songs says: ＂The king educates the people with moral, and based on this, the people satirize the king. It's all about deceitful admonishing through literature. The singers get no blame and the listeners receive the warnings. This is decency.＂ ＂Feng＂ means (1) to educate and (2) to satirize. Poems play roles to educate people to move from wrong to right and to praise the good and penalize the evil. Poems are the eyes of the history. It was sincerely hoped that the songs and the up and rise of the history of Tsao State provided strong warnings to the modern people, and this was the purpose of the project.

並列關鍵字

The Book of Songs ； Tsao Feng ； Tsao History ； Poetry objective ； Spring and Autumn Period History