土壤肥料管理與中國的糧食安全保障

Soil Fertilizer Management and Security of Chinese Provision

曹志洪(Cao Zhihong)

《土壤與環境》 3卷2期 (2000/06) Pp. 73-80

https://doi.org/10.30058/SE.200006.0001

摘要

考慮中國的糧食安全保障問題，必須面對農業正面臨著土壤、肥料和耕作管理等方面的挑戰。首先，由於城鎮化和工業化的發展，高質量的農田正大量流失；其次，大面積的土地退化和土壤肥力下降；最後是不平衡的肥料施用所導致的環境問題及肥料利用率低的問題。
到2030年，中國人口將增至15~16億，在耕地流失得到有效控制的情況下，那時的耕地面積也只有1.4億公頃左右。以不足世界耕地面積7%的土起來養活約佔世界1/5的人，中國的糧食生產確將面對更為難巨的任務和嚴峻的形勢。
一些西方的觀察家為此預言國將不可能自己產生足夠的糧食，至2030年它將需要進口2.38億噸糧食，而全世創所有的糧食出口加在一起也沒有這麼多。
西方觀察家的觀點是值得商確的。我們認為只要採取合理有效的投施中國完全有可能實現糧食基本自給，且不會給地區和全球的環境產生負面影響。這些措施包括：
1. 嚴格控制城鎮和工業化對農田的佔用，保持耕地總量動態平衡。
2. 進一步防止土地退化，做好退化土壤的恢復重建。
3. 改造占全國總耕地2/3的中低產田，推廣有機肥和無機肥配施的平衡施肥技術，不斷提高土壤肥力，不僅保護農田的數量，而且要提高農田的質量，擴大高產穩產農田的建設，是下個世紀糧食安全保障的根本條件。
4. 改善耕作管理，利用現有技術還能大幅度提高糧食單產：如培育、引進、推廣高產優質品種，提高複種指數和灌水效率等。
5. 通過改良草地提高畜牧產量，改進蛋、奶、肉類的加工技術，提高食品檔次。此外，中國還有大面積的水體資源有待開發，發展淡、海水養殖業和捕撈業的潛力很大。水產品應是糧食安全保障的一個重要方面。
人口、糧食、資源、環境和發展是全球共同關心的五大問題。雖然中國正在飛速地成為一個初步工業化的國家，但穩定的農業增長仍然是中國經濟可持續發展和社會福利提高的關鍵因素。
到公元2030年，中國的農業將面臨著僅以1.4億公頃左右的耕地養活15~16億人口的嚴重挑戰。有些西方預言家由此認為中國不可能維持糧食基本自給，屆時中國將要進口2.83億噸左右糧食，而世界可供出口的糧食加起來也不可能供應那麼多。另外，西方學者亦控心由於中國對土的過分集約化使用而對當地甚至對世界的生態環境產生負影響。
西方學者的這些預言是值得商確的。不錯，中國的農業確實面臨著一些嚴重的挑戰，但我們該為中國人能主要依靠自己的資源來解決糧食安全保障問題，同時也決不會對當地及其周遭地區的生態環境帶來負擔。
本文將著重探討與糧食安全保障有關的土壤肥料問題及其對策。

並列摘要

Considering about the problem of Chinese provision security, we must know that agriculture is confronting the challenge of soil, fertilizer and tillage management. At first, due to the development of town and industrialization, high quality farms are largely flowing away. Secondary, big area land degenerate and fertilizer of soil descend. At last, using unbalance fertilizer results in environment problem and fertilizer lsw using problem.
Until 2030, Chinese population will increase into 1500~1600 million. If the tillage flowing is under the control, there is only about 140 million hectares tillage at that time. To breed about 1/5 population of whole world by only 7% tillage, Chinese provisions production should confront hard mission and stern condition.
Some western observers predict that china can’t produce enough food. At 2030, Chinese need to import 23.8 million tons provision but world provision export can’t so much.
Opinions of western observer are worth to consult. We think if we have reasonable and workable methods, Chinese can completely fulfill basic provision self-sufficeint. Negative influence to area and the entire world environment will not happen. These methods include:
1. Severely control the tillage occupies at town and industrialization. Maintain tillage total amount moving balance.
2. Further defend degeneration of land, rebuild and restore degeneration soil.
3. Improve middie-low tillage, which occupy 2/3 of whole country. Popularized organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer suitable fertilizes technique and increase fertility uninterruptedly. Not only protect the number of tillage, but also elevate the quality of tillage. Expending high and stable production tillage construction is the basic condition of next century food security.
4. Improve tillage management and use present technique to elevate provision unit production, such as to nourish, lead in and extend high-production and good quality items. Also elevate cover exponent and pour water efficiency.
5. Pass lawn improving and elevate cattle-rearing production. Improve processing technique of egg, milk and meat. Elevate food quality. Except that, here is large area water resource in China where is needed to develop. It has good potential to develop cultivation and fishery. Marine product should be important expect for provision security.
Population, provision, resource, environment and development are the five problems that whole world care about. Although China is going to be a initial industrial country, stable increase of agriculture still the main reason of Chinese economical development and social welfare elevation.
This article set the point on soil fertilizer problems and method which relating provision security.