Clay Minerals in the Oil Drilling Industry - A Review

應用油井泥漿工業黏土礦物之回顧

王明光(Ming-Kuang Wang) ； 鄒裕民(Yu-Min Tzou) ； 江博能(Po-Neng Chiang)

《土壤與環境》 5卷2期 (2002/06) Pp. 121-130

https://doi.org/10.30058/SE.200206.0003

摘要

在油井泥漿工業中黏土礦物扮演一重要的角色。蒙特石、海泡石、厄帖浦石以及以胺處理的有機黏土，其可用來做泥漿黏滯以及泥漿流失之控制劑。赤鐵礦及重晶石則可添加到泥漿中，藉由其高的比重附隨著泥漿循環到深井中，而可切割岩層。另外，在鑽井過程中穿透問題岩層中的黏土礦物時，常造成在鑽探上的麻煩。一般頁岩可分成五類。諸甘第一類的高含量蒙特石，即是泥質頁岩，如在墨西哥灣中的Anahuac頁岩；相對的，第五類硬質的加拿大頁岩則含高量伊來石，而只含少量的蒙特石。如果油井發生不穩狀況，常含有水易膨脹的黏土礦物，則可使用油質泥漿鑽井來克服，或在泥漿中也可添加不同濃度的CaCl2，這種泥漿由於滲透壓的緣故，其可防止水由泥漿或岩層互相滲透。

並列摘要

Clay minerals play an important role in the oil drilling industry. Minerals such as montmorillonite, sepiolite, attapulgite, and amine-treated clays are usually used as viscosifiers and fluid loss controller. Hematite and barite are used as weighing agents to carry the drilling fluids to the borehole and surface, as well as circulate the drilling fluids and cuttings. On the other hand, clay minerals found in formations penetrated while drilling a well are responsible for drilling problems. Formation of shale can be categorized into five classifications. As an example, # is a mud-making shale of high montmorillonite content, such as the Anahuac Shale from the Gulf Coast. In contrast, #5 is hard sloughing Canadian Shale high in illite with a low montmorillonite content. One on the means of controlling well bore instability, or water sensitive clay minerals, is controlled activity in oil based fluids. This is accomplished by utilizing phase of an oil-based emulsion. This is to prevent water migration, either from the fluids to the formation or vice versa, due to osmotic pressure.