超越結構主義－從雅各布森、巴赫金到洛特曼

本文以雅各布森（Роман Осипович Якобсон, 1896-1982）、巴赫金（Михаил Михайлович Бахтин, 1895-1975）和洛特曼（Юрий Лотман, 1922-1993）為線索探尋結構主義符號學在俄國的發展歷程，三者的符號學都有著索緒爾語言學的理論淵源，雅各布森在索緒爾的基礎上明確並深化了語言音位的結構研究，進而推動了結構主義敘事學的發展；巴赫金雖然承認索緒爾對語言及其研究方法的劃分，卻批判了結構主義語言學只注重共時性和語言內部體系的研究而忽視語言的歷史性發展和對言語研究的批判，主張將社會學方法與語言學方法結合起來，在動態中考察符號；而洛特曼則更多是對索緒爾的借鑒，試圖用語言體系研究的方法來構建自己的符號學大廈。深入比較這些理論，有助於瞭解這些理論本身，同時我們可以發現，每一門科學都在自己過去的基礎上成長，一種理論當完成對某些問題的思考，它將退入背景中，成為新思考的基礎，而它們所提供的方法卻可能得到繼續發展和利用。

關鍵字

結構主義；雅各布森；巴赫金；洛特曼

並列摘要

This paper tries to analyze the development of structural semiotics in Russia from Roman Jakobson, Mikhail Bakhtin and Yuri Lotman, who are influenced by Saussure. On the basis of Saussure’s thought, all of them proposed their own ideas on semiotics. Jakobson, gave an accurate definition for the structure of the phoneme, and pushed forward the development of structural narratology. Bakhtin criticized that the structural linguistics paid more attention on the study of synchronic and internal system of language rather than the historical development in langue and parole. According to him, semiotic should be observed in dynamic process, combining with the method of sociology and linguistics. And Lotman showed his main views on signs by the method of language system. By making a further comparison between those methods, we may find that every science has its own theory in which the new will take the place of the old someday.