華人心性與倫理的複合式療法－華人文化心理治療的探原

本文旨在探討華人心理治療本土定位的可能性，但是為了防止現行醫療專業界的前見（預設）所妨礙，本文將論述的位置移到醫療論述的對立面，這個作法並不是反對已經成為事實（現行的）的華人心理治療專業，而是希望透過西式心理療法對華人本土文化土壤的貧瘠，進行一種救濟，從其文化根柢裡揭露華人心理治療的生存問題，乃至其存在的理由。研究者對「本土化心理治療」一向主張，華人心理調適的本質在於搓合倫理與心性(spiritual well-being)作為一體兩面的核心，這個核心與西方心理治療論述很不一樣。將倫理與心性作為華人身心調適之一體兩面現象，乃是以歷史（造化）的結果為考量。長久以來，無論華人知識份子或庶民百姓，對倫理作為社會行事(social practice)的綱領（原則）時，幾乎毫無疑問地接受，且對生命如何作意（如何生活）也有超越性(transcendental perspective)的觀點，而鎔鑄成相當繁複的心性觀。這個歷史造化的結果，使得華人對於自我調適的問題搬運到歷史所構成的安身立命框架，在這文化所構築的立命框架裡，生命的踰外運動即在世界設定行事的秩序，並以人的倫常秩序來成務、成事與造就世界，而向內的深化運動則以心性修為（修行，cultivation）作為最重要的心齋，以「不計算」的仁善存念於心。但是，成事亦有敗事，存心亦不盡然為善，所以有抑鬱困阨，人的體質亦有神經質性，多方相加，而文化－心理治療則為一劑補現代精神醫療之方。本文主張最根本的「文化正確」的心理治療必須能善濟（互補）下列兩個問題：(1)心理治療的語言問題：本文認為華人文化長期孕育的喻明系統(simile system)足供為心理治療的語言；(2)華人心理治療需兼顧心性的問題與倫理實踐的兩面性，前者涉及宗教的神聖領域：本我(self)的天啟(epiphany)與療癒的希望，後者涉及生活矯治、倫理的照顧（顧全），乃至精神社群(spiritual community)的經營，這兩面性的必要性乃是基於華人文化非分析性(non-analytic)的性格，也基於華人文化整體性的要求，倫理與心性都可以用同樣的向度來貫穿。因此，兩者共構成華人心理治療的廣度與深度，也充分滲透到整體的生活世界。

關鍵字

心性；本土化；倫理；華人心理療法

並列摘要

This article investigates the possibility of indigenizing psychological counseling in culturally Chinese societies. To avoid the professional bias inherent in the medical discourse, a counter discourse is used to manifest cultural essence. The author does not oppose professionalizing Chinese psychological therapy, but hopes to localize Western psychotherapy by revealing the problem of survival and the existence of psychological healing at the root of Chinese culture. Localized psychological healing compounds ethical intervention with spiritual well-being-two aspects that form the core of psychological adjustment for culturally Chinese people. This basis is different from the discourse of Western psychological healing, which is rooted in Western cultural history. Culturally Chinese people accept ethics as the principles of social practices. These ethics combined with culturally Chinese people's transcendental perspective on the meaning of life form a complex psychology of the heart. When culturally Chinese people use this structure to transport their self-adjustment problems into a framework of the meaning of life, they believe that their external actions should be regulated by interpersonal ethics so as to attain world order. The most important goal of humans' inward activities is to cultivate virtuous thoughts such as benevolence and righteousness. However, life is not plain sailing. Not all human endeavors bring success and not all thoughts are good. For those who encounter difficulties and unpleasantness in life, cultural psychological healing is a good prescription. A culturally correct psychological healing should inquire into 2 problematic areas: (1) the language problem, and (2) equal emphasis on spiritual well-being and ethical practice. The necessity of these two aspects is due to the non-analytical character of culturally Chinese people and the quest for wholeness in the culture. Ethics and spirituality are interconnected. They expand the width and depth of psychological healing in society, infiltrating all realms of people's lives.