華人人際及群際關係主題研究的回顧與前瞻

A Review of Chinese Indigenous Research on Interpersonal and Intergroup Relations

許詩淇(Shih-Chi Hsu) ； 葉光輝(Kuang-Hui Yeh)

《本土心理學研究》 51期 (2019/06) Pp. 33-88

https://doi.org/10.6254/IPRCS.201906_(51).0002

摘要

華人社會的文化基調是「集體主義」、「關係主義」，特別重視群體與關係的特性不但對華人之心理與行為有重要影響，也引起了全球學術界的興趣。《本土心理學研究》中，以人際相關主題論文占最多篇，研究課題豐富多元，顯示華人學者對人際關係研究之重視。本文回顧本刊相關文章並將人際議題內容分為三個範疇：（1）關係的類型及其互動：包含「親疏遠近：名分vs.交往」、「尊尊法則」與「關係轉換與發展」主題。（2）文化特有的人際心理：如面子、緣、忍、中庸等，不但有豐富的文化內涵，也具備調節衝突與身心適應功能，是當代華人適應現代社會的重要文化心理機制。（3）特定的人際關係（本文以親子中的孝道為例）：華人關係中最具文化特殊性的「親子關係」中，孝道扮演重要角色，不但已發展出自己的本土化理論觀點，也成功與國際接軌。另外，在群際層次研究中，本土學者捕捉到台灣社會這二十幾年來的重要現象──國族認同爭議。台灣人意識與中國人意識的變化對兩岸事務、社會議題的看法等皆有重大影響。文末，以「一種心智、多樣心態」（one mind, many mentalities）的方法論角度，來統整《本土心理學研究》25年來人際與群際之研究。最後，提醒後繼研究者應回歸到本土心理學運動最根本的目的：本土知識的社會實踐與學術主體性的追求，這才是本土心理學者的共同訴求目標。

關鍵字

文化心理機制 ； 社會認同 ； 華人人際關係 ； 群際關係 ； 關係發展

並列摘要

The terms relational and collectivist are used to describe the Chinese cultural emphasis on groups and relationships, which is different from the focus on individuals in western societies. To provide an in-depth holistic understanding of the fundamental characteristics of Chinese people, we review articles on interpersonal and intergroup relations published in Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies. Since the journal was initiated, the greatest quantity and diversity of articles published have focused on the topic of interpersonal relationships. The research interest in this topic reflects the importance of interpersonal relationships as the representative cultural feature of Chinese societies. We reviewed and divided articles on interpersonal relationships into three categories. (1) Types of interpersonal relationships and their rules of interaction: The primary characteristic of Chinese social relationships is that Chinese people use different rules of interaction to interact with people in different relationships. In order to understand the mechanism underlying Chinese interpersonal relationships, it is necessary to probe how Chinese people classify social relationships and identify the rules they apply in subsequent interactions. Relationships are classified according to the principle of qin-qin (loving one's relatives according to the relationship), and the principle of zun-zun (serving the superior). (2) Culturally significant concepts and their psychological functions: Social interaction is important in daily life. When a social interaction leads to conflict or distress, Chinese people regulate this negativity according to cultural expectations. Most regulating responses and behaviors reflect a uniquely Chinese way of adapting to social change. For example, mientze (face), yuan, ren (forbearance) and zhong yong are designed to strengthen interpersonal relationships or cope with conflict and distress in social interaction. (3) Specific interpersonal relationships (especially in the case of filial piety in the parent-child relationship): The parent-child relationship is the most dominant relationship in Chinese society. It is not much affected by social change and retains many traditional features in contemporary society. As a representative cultural value, filial piety not only reflects the basic interaction principles between parents and children, but also integrates the generation-age-gender order to support the operation and continuity of family functions. The parent-child interaction principle can be generalized to other social relationships as well. We reviewed and discussed the development of indigenous filial piety theory to highlight filial piety as the most culturally representative value in Chinese society. We elucidated how to conceptualize filial piety from the perspective of psychology and how to develop a corresponding theory and apply it in the real world. Our review and discussion of articles in each category reveals how these studies evolved. We further expanded the scope of the review from the topic of interpersonal relationships to the topic of inter group relations. National identity has been an important social phenomenon and research topic in Taiwan over the past two decades. It influences the behaviors and life styles of Taiwanese people. We also detailed the process that is changing national identity in Taiwan. The study of echoes the tenet of this journal: to reflect and describe contemporary social phenomenon and the lives of local people. Finally, we adopted ＂one mind, many mentalities＂ as a methodological perspective to integrate the 25 years of research on the topic of interpersonal relationships and inter group relations, and to paint a possible future for Chinese indigenous psychology. By tackling both cultural and psychological factors, researchers are able to achieve the most fundamental purpose and common goal for Chinese indigineous psychologists: having the academic autonomy to implement local knowledge and theories.

並列關鍵字

cultural psychological mechanism ； culturally significant concepts ； filial piety ； intergroup relation ； social identity ； types of interpersonal relationships

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