從“共產主義”到“社會責任”：中國大陸加入WTO在文化產業之演變－以傳媒為例

From Soviet Communist Ideology to Social Responsibility Concept: China's Changes in Cultural Industry upon Joining the WTO-Mass Communication Media as an Example

張依依(E E Chang)

《遠景基金會季刊》 7卷1期 (2006/01) Pp. 143-205

https://doi.org/10.7063/PQ.200601.0143

摘要

如果要回顧20世紀的歷史，世人將發現1990年代中期前後幾年，是最具影響力的關鍵時期。1993年，美國宣布國家資訊基礎建設，開始了所謂NII計畫，此一計畫加速了電信事業和網際網路的進展。1994年，GATT的烏拉圭談判首次加入非關稅政策，增加有關服務貿易、知識產權和監督透明度等議題，這些議題對文化產業影響深遠，也促成了WTO的成立。1995年前後，美國對電信、銀行、傳媒等行業鬆綁，彼此可以相互投資，此一自由化政策促使大型傳媒巨頭應運而生，並進軍國際，使得各國在文化上備覺威脅。這些政策衝擊到全世界，中國大陸當然也不例外。1996年，外資大舉湧進中國大陸，同年「知識經濟」也首次端上檯面。2002年，中國大陸加入WTO，此舉促使中國文化產業門戶洞開，同時也加快了中國大陸改革的步調。

關鍵字

世界貿易組織 ； 文化產業 ； 知識經濟 ； 報業四理論 ； 中國傳媒

並列摘要

In retrospect of the twentieth century, people may think the mid-Nineties are the most critical years in making the world what it is today. In 1993, U.S. launched the National Information Infrastructure-the NIT project, which greatly liberalized the telecommunication industry and the Internet. In 1994, in the Final Act of the Uruguay Round of General Agreement on Tariff & Trade (GATT), with inclusion of non-tariff issues such as transparency rules and trade-related services and intellectual property rights for the first time, implications on cultural industry were made, and the World Trade Organization (WTO) ensued. In the years around 1995, changing regulatory climate in the U.S. facilitated cross-investment, merger and acquisition in industries like telecommunication, banking and mass media. Media mega-giants capitalized on such liberalization, and their entries into the international markets have caused tremendous concerns over cultural industries in different nations. All of the above impacted the world, and China was no exception. In 1996, there was a sudden influx of foreign capitals into China, and the concept of ”knowledge-based economy” was first mentioned worldwide. In 2002, China's accession to WTO further opened its cultural market and accelerated its pace of reforms. The Chinese government's counter measures upon joining WTO have even unknowingly moved China from the Soviet Communist ideology of Four Theories on the Press to that of Social Responsibility.

並列關鍵字

World Trade Organization WTO ； Cultural Industry ； Knowledge-Based Economy ； Four Theories of the Press ； China Media

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