試論《文心雕龍．論說》中的論說模式

林明賢

《輔大中研所學刊》 12期 (2002/10) Pp. 79-93

https://doi.org/10.29444/JGICLDFJCU.200210.0005

摘要

〈論說〉屬於《文心雕龍》書中「論文敘筆」的部分，本文先就此說明本篇在《文心雕龍》體系中的定位及其重要性，以顯明本篇創作的基本立場及作用。其次則就〈論說〉中所提及「論」與「說」的內容，探討其論說過程中的思維過程，用「層次」與「歷程」兩個概念來建構其論說模式。以書面為主的「論」，在「辨正」的立場上，所觸及到的為「感官認知」、「思維與思想」、「語辭使用技巧」等三個層次，與「系統連貫」、「濃縮顯核」、「言辭傳達」等三歷程。其次，口語的「說」為「論」的八種體裁之一，其主要結構模式應該可包含於「論」之中，故在「說」方面則補充了三項原則技巧。首先，要配合形勢與當時狀況，節奏上或快或慢，可緊可鬆，以靈活運用為原則。第二是要注意是否能相應於「時機」，且當知情勢而知進退之時宜為原則。再者，要以「義貞」與「忠信」為其基本動機，為德性至上的原則。理出〈論說〉所隱含的三個層次、三種歷程與三項原則技巧，除了能更清晰明瞭其中「論說模式」，也可提供做為論說時的參照模式。

關鍵字

劉勰 ； 文心雕龍 ； 論說模式

並列摘要

＂Luen-Shuaw＂ (discourse and narration) is a chapter contributed to the distinctive discussions of ＂prose or verse＂ in Wen Shin Tiau Long. In the introduction, the article tries to define the significance of the chapter in Liu-Shie's literary theories on the basis of the discourse/narration distinction to clarify the purpose of this article. Then, the contents of discourse and narration in ＂Luen-Shuau＂ are respectively analyzed to demonstrate that three levels and three processes are involved to construct effective discourse. ＂Luen＂ is characteristic of its written form. When ＂Judging the effectiveness＂ (辨正) of a discourse, one should take into consideration the three levels, which the ＂reception of the senses,＂ ＂thinking and conception,＂ and ＂choice of diction.＂At the same time, he should also care to fulfill the three processes, which are ＂consistency of the context,＂ ＂condensation in expression and clarification of the theme,＂ and ＂efficiency of the language.＂ ＂Shuaw,＂ is characteristic of its oral convention. Because ＂Shuaw,＂ can be included into ＂Luen＂ as one of the eight subcategories of ＂Luen,＂ the above discussions about ＂Luen＂ can also apply to ＂Shuau,＂ except that three unique principles especially concerning ＂Shuau＂ are added as complements. First, in terms of methodology or techniques, the tempo of the narration is required to match the needs of the addressee's receptive potentiality, based upon which the speaker tunes his narration to the proper rhythm and tension. Secondly, the speaker should be readily alert to the external changing conditions, according to which he can evaluate and adjust his persuasive strategies. ThirdIy, ＂reforming＂ (貞義) and ＂loyalty＂ (忠信) should be the motivations; that is, morality is always the ultimate principle.Exploring the three levels and the three processes implied in ＂Luen-Shuau,＂ can make one have a clear picture of Liu Shie's discourse-narrative theories and he can apply the principles make his writing and speaking effective.

並列關鍵字

LiuShie ； WenShinTiau Long ； discourse and narrative modes