默示接受程序於國際海事立法之運用

國際海事立法的建立主要仰賴公約之制定，然出於傳統公約的修正生效方式侷限於明示接受程序，導致公約無法兼顧穩定性與時效性的需求。好不容易經過十年或數十年達到明示接受程序要件所需的簽署門檻，無奈當初公約修正的內容已與現今現實的狀況不相符合，又需重擬修正條文加以修正。為加速公約之修正進程，國際海事組織（IMO）於1981年海上人命安全公約之修正集中首度運用默示接受程序，有效縮短公約的進程，使使該修正案於1984年9月生效。時至今日，默示接受程序已普遍運用於國際海事組織所制定之公約中，更進一步被視為國際海事組織最重要的創舉之一。透過該程序，許多位約的內容已被改寫。本文目的在探究默示接受程序對提昇國際海事立法之貢獻，第一部分在揭示默示接受程序運用之緣起；第二部分別分析該程序於國際法之合法性；第三部分別討論採取默示接受程序之限制；第四部分別分析實務上兩個默示接受程序案例運作之情形。

關鍵字

默示接受；明示接受；國際海事組織；海上人命安全公約；維也納條約法公約

並列摘要

The establishment of the international maritime law mainly depends on the adoption of conventions. However, due to the strict requirements of the explicit acceptance procedure, a major defect of most international conventions is that they can only bring up to date with great difficulties. To accelerate the amending process of the conventions, taci t acceptance was first used to bring into force (on September 1, 1984) the 1981 amendments to SOLAS 1974. Up to now, the taci t acceptance procedure has been incorporated into most of the technical conventions drafted by the International Maritime Organization elMO), and it also has been regarded as one of the greatest inventions of IMO. In the process, the IMO Convention's technical content has been almost completely rewritten. The purpose of this article is to explore the contributions of the tacit acceptance procedure to the legislation of the international maritime law. The first part is to reveal the developing reasons of the tacit acceptance procedure. The Second part is to discuss the legitimacy of the procedure under the international law regime. The third part is about the limits of the adoption of the tacit acceptance procedure. The fourth part is to present two cases of the successful use of the tacit acceptance procedure in practice.