論法制上權利主體之建構基礎與變化─以原住民族或部落為中心

民事法上，權利主體可以是自然人、法人、乃至於群體，且各國法制下之權利主體結構亦非全然相同，民法上權利主體之種類，既然並無必然之一致性，則法制上權利主體之設定、變遷緣由即具探討價值。無論是公法、私法，甚至是國際法，法律上之權利主體，實不以吾人所熟悉之自然人或是法人為限，公法上之族裔、民事智慧財產權法上之原住民族或部落、國際法上之個人或是特殊族群，雖不具備如自然人或法人般之法律人格，但對應社會變遷下之實際需求，均可能於某範圍內具備法人格而成為法律上之權利主體，此乃因為權利主體之可能態樣，並無理論上之必然，權利主體之建構基礎，係依當代法制社會中具體社會價值之需求而定，故時代進步、社會變遷乃是權利主體新態樣產生之原動力。我國自2005 年制定原住民族基本法、並於2007 年依該法第13 條制定原住民族傳統智慧創作保護條例、2015 年依該條例發布原住民族傳統智慧創作保護實施辦法，再加上立法院院會甫於2015 年12 月1 日三讀通過原住民族基本法之部分修正條文，新增訂第2條之1，規定部落應設部落會議，而部落經中央原住民族主管機關核定者，即具有公法人地位，此法制上承認原住民部落成為新式權利主體並漸次落實之過程，足適說明權利主體之承認與社會需求間之對應關係。

關鍵字

權利主體；自然人；法人；族群；部落；原住民族

並列摘要

The subject of rights in civil law varied among nations, It could be natural persons, juridical persons, as well as groups. Accordingly, it might be ponderable to investigate such inter-national diversity and individual evolution process regarding the subject of rights. Regardless of the civil law, public law or international law, the subject of rights in legal system should not necessarily be confined to natural persons or juridical persons which we are familiar with. Under certain conditions with special reference to social requirement, the legal capacity will be entitled to be deemed as subject other than natural persons or juridical persons. For example, the specific ethnic groups, tribes or the entire indigenous peoples are regarded as subjects of rights in the ＂Protection Act for The Traditional Intellectual Creations of Indigenous Peoples.＂ We believe, in the contemporary or near future juridical context, the entitlement of legal capacity will be bestowed upon subjects that has not yet been recognized in our contemporary legal system.