我國營業秘密法刑事規範的再思考

我國近年來關於營業秘密之紛爭迭起，連帶損及我國產業之國際競爭力，因我國刑法本文對此未有適足規範，立法者為完善營業秘密之保護制度，乃於2013年增訂營業秘密法第第13條之1至第13條之4之刑事規範。然而，以刑法加強營業秘密之保障，首要之處在是否能收遏止侵害營業秘密之效，但亦需同時防免可能衍生之經濟發展遲滯等不利於社會之外部效果；此外，營業秘密之本質為個人財產權，但兼具維持產業競爭秩序之功能，故營業秘密刑事責任所保障之法益除個人財產法益外，亦包括保障社會競爭秩序之超個人法益。然而，此二法益之保護模式有所不同，為求衡平而免偏廢，檢視我國營業秘密法刑事規範所定各項構成要件是否明確或法條文字解讀是否存有疑義即屬必要。本文將立足於現行營業秘密法，檢視並思考各條所定構成要件，並適時比較美歐各國之相關規定與實務見解，希冀藉此反思我國營業秘密刑事規範是否有規範不周或落後於時代潮流之處，並提出評析及修正建議，如限縮主觀構成要件、完善域外犯罪規範法文、部分犯罪行為改為實害犯，及仿歐盟立法增定不罰之行為等。本文希冀藉由實務及立法論等不同層面之說明，反思我國營業秘密刑事規範，並提出評析及建議，以使我國營業秘密保護制度更為完善。

關鍵字

營業秘密；財產權；競爭秩序；衡平；刑事責任；域外犯罪；經濟間諜法

並列摘要

Trade secret is an effective way to maintain the sustainability of an industry. Thus, by enacting law to protect trade secret, it helps to maintain competition order and social benefits, besides protecting the right of trade secret holder. However, Taiwan Trade Secrets Act only regulates the breaching of trade secret action through the criminal law of theft, breach of trust and obstruction of secret and etc., without the inclusion of severer criminal penalty, thus it is diffi cult to fully evaluate the consequences of the actions of infringing trade secrets. Furthermore, in recent years, Taiwan trade secret criminal and civil cases were in a rising trend, causing big lost to local corporates, at the same time severely damaged our country's related industry’s international competency. In order to strengthen the protection of business trade secret, The Legislative Yuan amended Trade Secret Law to further include Section 13-1 and 13-2, of which is related to criminal punishment regulation. However, in order to regulate people through the criminal law, it is crucial to underline the legal certainty in the criminal code, to allow people to foresee which act is forbidden under the law. Thus, the formulation and interpretation of the requisite elements have to be cautious. Furthermore, the formation of trade secret is dependent on culture stimulation of a society; In the world that has easy access to information and the convenience of exchanging information, the inclusion of criminal law punishment to trade secret infringement might bring external effect of which is not conducive to the society. While it is might be efficient to protect trade secrets via criminal measures, it is also equally important to prevent the overbreadth effect to deter economic development by means of abusing such criminal liabilities; in order to seek balance between property protection and maintenance of competition order. This paper will base on the existing Trade Secret Act, utilizing literature review and comparison method, to review whether the newly included criminal penalty is appropriately regulated or is not aligned with the current societal norm. This research at the same time will give suggestion and comment on how to apply, explain, and amend the constituent elements of such criminal provisions.