離婚訴訟「先搶先贏」的實務經驗敘事分析－兼論幼年子女最佳利益的司法裁量基準

自1996年起，「子女最佳利益」之維護即成為我國親子法主要原則。民法第1055條之1提供離婚親權酌定或改定之子女利益衡量因素，比較法學與司法實務也共同發展操作基準，「維持現狀與繼續性原則」即成為判斷幼年子女親權歸屬之主要依據。不料，礙於司法裁判的時空與資源限制，離婚親權行使所強調的「現狀之繼續」，竟成為「先搶先贏」問題的原凶。1996年增修第1055條之1第6款之所謂「友善父母條款」，即為解決此一問題而設。然而，在離婚個案上屢見不鮮的「先搶先贏」，能否因法律消極制止父母間的不友善行為，即創造維護子女利益的親職合作關係？本文試圖由司法經驗與實務觀察，提出「先搶先贏」個案的敘事觀點，並借助相關學說與裁判進行分析與評論，希冀以維護子女利益之立場，務實考量友善父母條款的效用。

關鍵字

離婚訴訟；離婚後子女照顧安排；子女最佳利益；先搶先贏；繼續性原則；維持現狀原則；友善父母條款

並列摘要

The best interests of the child principle has dominated the parent-child law of Taiwan since 1996. Article 1055-1 of the Civil Code sets up criteria for judging on the interests of children in custody cases. Comparative studies and judicial practice thus developed standards for assessment, among which ＂the status quo and continuation principle＂ has dominant influences in decisions involving children of tender years. Unfortunately, the judicial recognition of ＂continuing status quo＂ has in practice misled parents to kidnap a child to secure the ＂first come, first served＂ status in custody. To respond to this problem, a so-called ＂friendly-parent clause＂ has been added as Section 6 of the said Article 1055-1. However, it is dubious that friendly and cooperative parenthood may be created simply because of adding the clause to law. This paper intends to give a narrative account of the malicious practice of ＂first come, first served＂, followed by analyses and criticisms based on related theories and judicial decisions. Suggestions will then be made for enhancing the practical effectiveness of the friendly-parent clause.

並列關鍵字

Divorce Litigation ； the Best Interests of Children Principle ； First Come, First Served ； Continuity Principle ； Status Quo Principle ； Friendly-Parent Clause