動作技巧學習：變異練習優於固定練習嗎？

Variable Practice-Is It Superior to Constant Practice for All Types of Motor Tasks?

嶺榮娟(Rong-Jiuan Liing) ； 湯佩芳(Pei-Fang Tang) ； 胡名霞(Ming-Hsia Hu)

《物理治療》 31卷3期 (2006/06) Pp. 219-226

摘要

背景與目的：依據基模理論(schema theory)，變異練習有益於基模的建立，因此優於固定練習而有助於動作技巧學習，近代動作學習領域的主流學者多支持變異練習優於固定練習的看法。然而依據通用動作程式(generalized motor program)的觀點，動作具有某些不變的特徵(invariant characteristic)，因此在動作學習的過程中，固定練習應優於變異練習。本文主要探討變異練習優勢是否適用於各類不同動作技巧的學習。方法：以系統性文獻回顧的方法於PubMed資料庫收集1970至2006年間的相關原始研究文獻，以人工方式閱讀由電子資料庫搜尋到之研究摘要判別是否符合題目，再閱讀全文以確定是否為所需文獻，並由查詢引用文獻擴大搜尋範圍。結果：共收集八篇相關文獻，有五篇文獻屬於封閉式任務(closed motor skill)，三篇文獻屬於開放式任務；以封閉式任務而言，健康人當受測者，五篇裡有三篇完全支持變異練習優於固定練習，另兩篇文獻結果無法顯示兩種練習之差異；對於開放式任務(open motor skill)而言，三篇文獻裡有一篇其受測者為健康人，支持變異練習優於固定練習，其他兩篇其受測者為神經性疾病患者，雖然結果是偏向固定練習優於變異練習，因為部份研究實驗設計的缺失，使得結果無法完全支持固定練習之優勢。結論：整體而言，不管是開放式或封閉式任務，以健康人而言，變異練習較利於學習，然而，仍然有些文獻無法完全支持變異練習優於固定練習，希望在未來的研究應以更加謹慎的實驗設計，使研究結果更具證據性，以便讓臨床人員加以應用。

關鍵字

變異練習 ； 固定練習 ； 開放式任務 ； 封閉式任務

並列摘要

Background and purpose: According to the schema theory, variable practice is beneficial for establishing schema and thus enhances motor learning. From the point of view of the generalized motor program (GMP), however, a motor skill consists of invariant characteristic, hence constant practice might be more superior to variable practice in establishing the GMP. It is possible that different types of motor task benefits from the variable practice to different extents. This review attempts to examine the superiority effect of random practice for open and closed motor tasks. Methods: A systematic search of literature published between 1970 and 2006 on the PubMed database was performed. The keywords used in search were constant practice and specific practice combined with variable practice. The abstracts of extracted articles were examined by the first author and the search expanded to include relevant articles from the reference lists. Included articles were then rated by PEDro scale. Results: Eight articles were included in this review, including 5 studies using closed motor skills and 3 articles using open skills as research tasks. Three of the five studies using closed motor skills fully supported the superiority of variable practice in normal subjects. The other two articles demonstrated similar effects between variable practice and constant practice. For studies using the open motor skills, only one article fully supported the superiority of variable practice effect in normal subjects. Although the other two articles showed that constant practice was superior to variable practice in subjects with neurological diseases, it is difficult to generalize from the results due to limitation imposed by the experimental design. Conclusion: Our review reveals that the evidence to support superiority of variable practice effect is stronger for normal subjects learning either a closed or an open motor skill. However, for patients with neurological disorders, this effect is less prominent and might even be contradicted. The optimal challenge point of view was used to discuss the possible mechanisms underlies these results.

並列關鍵字

Variable practice ； Constant practice ； Closed motor skill ； Open motor skill