中國大陸城鄉地景的"新階級"？：對戶籍制度形成的分析

A New Class in Chinese Urban-rural Landsape? -- An Analysis of the Formation of Hukou System

許秉翔(Ping-Hsiang Hsu) ； 曾達信(Dar-Shin Tzeng)

《建築與規劃學報》 2卷1期 (2001/04) Pp. 13-26

https://doi.org/10.30054/JAP.200104.0002

摘要

中國大陸的戶籍制度在世界上毋寧是極為特殊的體制。它不但限制了人民的遷徙自由，也是國家經建計畫有效的政策工具。不管有意還是無意，它也塑造了城鄉之間的社會階級差異。本文回顧了中國大陸戶籍制度自1949年以來形成的過程，同時也分析其變遷的歷史條件。三種主要因素可能可以解釋非農業戶口的實際結果：計畫體系的生產剩餘、糧食短缺、城市失業情況。我們先以1952～1960年的資料，以迴歸分析檢證以上的假說。結果顯示第一項因素的重要性約為第二項因素的兩倍。第三項因素在統計上不顯著，然而在其他國家卻是決定城鄉移民的主要因素之一。這顯示戶口制度係為計畫經濟服務。　若以1952～1978年的資料，以生產剩餘、糧食短缺對非農業人口總數作迴歸，節們發現在1960、1970年代，戶口制度對於非農業人口數目控制的嚴格程度甚於1950年代，而且糧食短缺的重要性超過生產剩餘，此與1950年代變數的重要次序相反。

關鍵字

戶籍制度 ； 城鄉遷移 ； 遷徙自由 ； 中國大陸 ； 非農業人口

並列摘要

The Chinese household registration system, or hukou, is unique in the world. It has not only restricted people's freedom of movement, but also become an effective policy instrument for national planning. It also has, intentionally or not, shaped a social class between urban and rural places. This paper traces the evolution of hukou system since it was formed in 1949 and analyzes the historical conditions of its change. Three factors that may explain the actual result, namely the non-agriculture residents, are identified: the production surplus in the planning system, the food shortage, and the urban unemployment condition. A regression analysis is performed to test the hypothesis by 1952-1960 time series data. The result shows that the first factor is twice important as the second factor, while the third factor, which is a major determinant of rural to urban migration in the other countries, is statistically insignificant. It strengthens the conclusion that hukou was formed as a planning implementation tool in mainland China. Another regression analysis is performed which drop the urban unemployment variable by 1952-1978 time series data. Result shows when 1960s and 1970s the control of hukou system is stricker than 1950s. And, the variable of food shortage is more important than the production surplus. This is opposite to 1950s.

並列關鍵字

Hukou system ； urban/rural migration ； freedom of movement ； China ； non- agricultural residences