站列法庭的歷史學：家永三郎與日本教科書審定訴訟之研究

2002年11月29日，日本知名的史學家家永三郎在東京去世，享年89歲。家永三郎因為文部省審定教科書案，而廣為人知，整個過程，有稱之為「家永裁判」或「家永訴訟」。1965年，時任東京教育大學教授的家永三郎，由於所著的高中日本史教科書未通過文部省的審定，遂向國家提出損害賠償（第一次訴訟）。1967年為了要求取消審定不合格的處分又再度告上法庭（第二次訴訟）。在1984年，又針對1980、83年度的教科書審定對其所著提出的八項審定意見，以處置不當為由再度控告（第三次訴訟）。經過一連串的開庭審理，至1997年8月，第三次訴訟的最高法院裁決宣判為止，總計耗費32年時光，歷經10次的司法判決。由於司法訴訟的中心焦點在於：一、國家是否擁有對兒童的教育權；二、教科書審定是否如同日本憲法第21條所禁止的「檢閱」，對學術自由構成妨礙。因此，以往的研究多是由教育學或憲法學的角度來觀察，觀察的主體亦在訴訟過程，而忽略了其他相關層面。因此本文基於對於日本戰後歷史認識爭議的角度，擬結合三個方面深入探討：一是家永個人思想體系的社會實踐過程，將「家永史學」與「家永訴訟」之間聯繫起來。二是觀察家永訴訟的背後所代表的戰後日本兩大歷史觀對抗的脈絡。三是「家永訴訟」的國際化，日本教科書審定成為國際焦點，反饋至日本國內，所構成的連鎖反應。

關鍵字

日本；家永三郎；歷史教科書問題；教科書審定

並列摘要

On November 29(superscript th), 2002, Saburo Ienaga, the famous Japanese historian, died in Tokyo, Japan, at the age of 89. Saburo Ienaga was familiarized with his textbook screening lawsuits against his government's censorship. This event was called ”Ienaga Textbook Screening Lawsuits” or ”Ienaga Textbook Screening Appeals.” In 1965 Professor Saburo Ienaga of Tokyo University of Education filed a civil suit at the Tokyo District Court seeking compensation for damages from the government for not approving his high-school history textbook in the Ministry's screening process (First Lawsuit). Later, in 1967 Professor Ienaga filed another administrative suit seeking retraction of the negative decision given to his textbook (Second Lawsuit). In 1984 Professor Ienaga filed a civil suit again, seeking compensation for the rejection of some portions of his textbooks from the ministry's screening in 1980 and 1983 (Third Lawsuit). It has been taken and lasted for 32 years, led 10 trial battles against the judicial proceedings till the final decision was made by the Supreme Court at the end of August 1997. In the whole judicial proceedings, it was always aimed on if the government held the right of children education and if the textbook screening policy was constitutional without being against the free speech of literature based on Regulation 21st of Japan Constitution. Most of the researches were based on either the Education, the Constitution, or the objectives also only focused on the processing of lawsuits. Therefore, I would like to try different studies based on the Japanese history debates after the War. My paper is in three parts: 1. The social practice of processing Ienaga's spirits: connecting the historicity with the proceedings of Ienaga. 2. Tracking the 2 controversial theories of Japanese historicity after the War. 3. The various reactions in the whole country caused by high pressures and circulation around the entire nation after the internationalization of Ienaga's Lawsuits and the global focus on it's Textbook Screen Process.