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Irradiation for Postharvest Control of Quarantine Insects

輻射照射於檢疫害蟲之採後處理

摘要


輻射照射(irradiation)早已被用為滅除農產品上有害生物的處理方法之一。近年來由於國際植物保護公約(The International Plant Protection Convention, IPPC)制定了使用輻射照射進行檢疫處理(phytosanitary treatment)的國際規範,更促使其逐漸受到各國的重視。一般農產品經由適當的輻射照射劑量,即可在不影響品質的情況下,對多數害蟲(蟎)產生良好的滅除效果(disinfestation effect)。與其他檢疫處理方法相較,輻射照射處理並不以立即殺死害蟲(蟎)的方式來確保檢疫的安全性。因為經過輻射照射處理之農產品,雖然其中的檢疫害蟲(蟎)仍可能存活,但它們已是不孕的或是近乎死亡的,進口國並不需要再耗費精力檢視它們是否存在。目前美國政府更訂定了輻射照射做為各式農產品檢疫處理的共通處理劑量(generic treatment doses),例如滅除各類果實蠅的共通處理劑量為150Gy,而除鱗翅目的蛹與成蟲(需經較高的劑量處理)以外,其它檢疫害蟲(蟎)的共通處理劑量為400Gy,並尤許多項經此等劑量處理之農產品經過檢疫認證後直接輸入。輻射照射共通處理劑量的訂定,不但可加速特定農產品利用輻射照射處理以符合檢疫要求,同時亦可加速其他新農產品在國際市場的開拓,因為新的農產品僅需依此基準處理過即可通過檢疫認證,不需再耗費冗長的時間,針對不同害蟲(蟎)進行各種不同的檢疫處理試驗,才可能獲得進口國的檢疫認證。因此,相較於其它檢疫處理方法,由於共通處理劑量的確立,使得輻射照射成為一項深具潛力、足以取代其他檢疫處理的替代方法。

並列摘要


Interest in the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment for agricultural commodities is growing worldwide, particularly since publication of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) standard that endorses and facilitates trade based on this disinfestation method. Irradiation is broadly effective against insects and mites at doses that do not compromise quality of most commodities. Unlike other disinfestation techniques, irradiation does not need to kill the pest immediately to provide quarantine security, and therefore live but sterile or not viable insects may occur with the exported commodity making inspection for the target pests redundant. Generic irradiation treatments have been approved in the USA to control broad groups of insects in all commodities. The approved generic doses are 150 Gy for tephritid fruit flies and 400 Gy for all insects except Lepidoptera pupae and adults (which may require higher doses). Generic irradiation treatments will accelerate the approval of irradiation quarantine treatments for specific crops and expedite new trade in agricultural products because research will no longer be needed for each quarantine pest and commodity. The availability of generic treatments makes irradiation an attractive option compared with other quarantine treatments.

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