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Water Soluble Ions in PM(subscript 2.5) and PM(subscript 1) Aerosols in Durg City, Chhattisgarh, India
並列摘要
This paper reports the atmospheric concentrations of PM(subscript 2.5) and PM(subscript 1) mass, water soluble inorganic components and their seasonal variations measured between the period of July 2009 and June 2010 in Durg city (20°23' to 22°02'N and 80°46' to 81°58'E), India. A cascade impactor sampler with Whatman 41 glass filters was used to collect aerosol samples in PM(subscript 2.5) and PM(subscript 1) size fractions. The results showed that the annual mean concentration of PM(subscript 2.5) and PM(subscript 1) were 135.0 μg/m^3 and 64.7 μg/m^3, respectively. Annual cycle shows highest concentration of PM(subscript 2.5) and PM(subscript 1) mass and water soluble ions in winter season and the lowest during rainy season. This is attributed to the enhanced production of aerosols and prevailing meteorological conditions. The higher PM(subscript 1)/PM(subscript 2.5) ratio (0.48) during the whole campaign clearly indicates larger PM(subscript 1) particle fractions were in PM(subscript 2.5) at this location. Out of the total aerosol mass, water soluble constituents contributed an average of 11.57% (7.48% anions, 4.09% cations) in PM(subscript 2.5) and 16.98% (11.14% anions, 5.85% cations) in PM(subscript 1). The concentrations of SO(superscript 2- subscript 4) and NO(superscript - subscript 3) were highest in all size fractions and accounted for 32.76% and 13.38% of the total mass of the water soluble ions in PM(subscript 2.5) and 32.78% and 12.21% in PM(subscript 1) size fractions. Na(superscript +), Mg(superscript 2+) and Ca(superscript 2+), derived from the soil dust particles, were higher in spring and summer, as the dry weather in this season was favorable for the resuspension of soil particles. The seasonal variation of Cl(superscript -), K(superscript +) and secondary components (NH(superscript + subscript 4), NO(superscript - subscript 3) and SO(superscript 2- subscript 4)) were similar with high concentrations in winter and low concentrations in fall. Two principal components explaining 76.6% and 65.9% of the variance for PM(subscript 2.5) and PM(subscript 1) data set respectively were identified. Factor 1 has significant loading of species of anthropogenic origins and factor 2 showed partial associations with species of natural origins.
延伸閱讀
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