- 期刊
- OpenAccess
Chemical Composition Characteristics of PM_(2.5) in Three Cities in Henan, Central China
摘要
The sites of Luoyang, Zhengzhou, and Pingdingshan in Henan, China were selected to investigate the chemical compositions of fine particulate matter (PM_(2.5)). A total of 165 PM_(2.5) samples from the three sites were collected from October 2014 to July 2015. Water-soluble inorganic ions, elemental carbon and organic carbon, and other elements in PM_(2.5) were analyzed by ion chromatography, carbon analyzer, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively. Results showed that the annual average concentrations of PM_(2.5) in the three sites were significantly higher than the Chinese national ambient air quality standard. The seasonal average of PM_(2.5) concentration varied with the lowest concentrations of PM_(2.5) in summer. Among these sites, the highest concentrations of SO_4^(2-) and NH_4^+ ions were observed in Luoyang with the highest concentration of NO_3^- detected in Zhengzhou. SO_4^(2-), NO_3^- and NH_4^+ ions occurred as (NH_4)_2SO_4 and NH_4NO_3. For seasonal variation, the highest concentrations for Al, Fe and Ca were observed during spring in Pingdingshan and autumn in Zhengzhou and Luoyang, respectively. Enrichment factor (EF), as an indicator, is commonly used to evaluate the contribution of anthropogenic sources, and high EFs of Zn, Cu, and Cd in PM_(2.5) indicate the extent of air pollution, which is generally caused by emissions of vehicles and industries. Risks posed by heavy metals on human health were assessed. The hazard index, which was used to assess the overall potential for noncarcinogenic effects, was higher than 1 in the three sites, indicating that V, Cr, As, Mn, Cd, Co, and Ni may cause accumulative noncarcinogenic health effects on humans, without the noncancer effect of each heavy metal significant. Cr in PM_(2.5) is a potential carcinogenic risk when inhaled by adults. Overall, the results indicate that PM_(2.5) pollution must be considered seriously in three cities.
延伸閱讀
- Hu, G. Y., Sun, J. Y., Zhang, Y. M., Shen, X. J., & Yang, Y. (2015). Chemical Composition of PM_(2.5) Based on Two-Year Measurements at an Urban Site in Beijing. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 15(5), 1748-1759. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2014.11.0284
- Xue, Y. H., Wu, J. H., Feng, Y. C., Dai, L., Bi, X. H., Li, X., Zhu, T., Tang, S. B., & Chen, M. F. (2010). Source Characterization and Apportionment of PM10 in Panzhihua, China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 10(4), 367-377. https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=16808584-201008-201011240029-201011240029-367-377
- Yang, X., Cheng, S., Li, J., Lang, J., & Wang, G. (2017). Characterization of Chemical Composition in PM_(2.5) in Beijing before, during, and after a Large-Scale International Event. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17(4), 896-907. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2016.07.0321
- Turap, Y., Rekefu, S., Wang, G., Talifu, D., Gao, B., Aierken, T., Hao, S., Wang, X., Tursun, Y., Maihemuti, M., & Nuerla, A. (2019). Chemical Characteristics and Source Apportionment of PM_(2.5) during Winter in the Southern Part of Urumqi, China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 19(6), 1325-1337+ap1-5. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2018.12.0454
- Zhu, C. S., Cao, J. J., Shen, Z. X., Liu, S. X., Zhang, T., Zhao, Z. Z., Xu, H. M., & Zhang, E. K. (2012). Indoor and Outdoor Chemical Components of PM2.5 in the Rural Areas of Northwestern China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 12(6), 1157-1165. https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=16808584-201212-201212270037-201212270037-1157-1165