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Chemical Characteristics of Fine and Coarse Particles during Wintertime over Two Urban Cities in North India
摘要
Water-soluble inorganic ions (WSII), organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), and metals in the residue of the water-soluble fraction were studied in fine (PM_(2.5)) and coarse (PM_(2.5-10)) particles during winter over two urban cities, Amritsar (AMS) and New Delhi (DEL), in northern India. The PM_(2.5)/PM_(2.5-10) mass ratios at DEL and AMS were 3.6 and 2.79, respectively. ΣWSIIs was nearly 25% of the total mass in two size fractions and was higher in PM_(2.5) than PM_(2.5-10) at both sites. The secondary ions SO_4^(2-) and NH_4^+ were dominant at both sites. The adsorption of fine particles onto larger ones may be a possible source of soluble ions in PM_(2.5-10). SO_4^(2-) and NO_3^- were neutralized by NH_4^+, and the formation of (NH_4)_2SO_4 dominated over NH_4NO_3 in PM_(2.5), and by Ca^(2+) in PM_(2.5-10) over DEL. Coal burning, and agricultural and livestock emissions were potential sources of precursor gases of SO_4^(2-) and NH_4^+. Plastic burning and the brick kiln industry contributed Cl^- in the PM_(2.5). OC dominated over EC above both sites, and the total carbon (OC + EC) was higher over AMS than DEL. Emissions from low-temperature rather than high temperature combustion processes were dominant, as indicated by the higher quantity of char-EC than soot-EC. OC, EC, and K^+ resulted from biomass burning over AMS, whereas they originated in multiple sources over DEL. The Al normalized ratios of elements in the samples compared to the crust were higher in PM_(2.5) than PM_(2.5-10). Fe, Ti, and Mn ratios of ＜ 1 were attributed to the silica dilution effect. The Pb, Cu, and Zn ratios in PM_(2.5) were 63, 18, and 13 over DEL and 2, 11, and 31 over AMS, respectively. Ba and Zn were contributed by vehicular emissions. A coefficient of divergence of ＞ 0.5 indicated the spatial heterogeneity in the particle chemistry between the two sites. To improve the air quality and safeguard human health, biomass burning and the resuspension of dust must be restricted.
延伸閱讀
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