清代雍正朝欽差制度的運作與影響

欽差制度伊始於明代中期，清廷入關之初加以繼承模仿，清聖祖平定三藩後，欽差派任範圍逐漸縮小。聖祖晚年由於繼承風波與為政寬厚，造成朋黨相爭與吏治廢弛，世宗繼位後著手整頓。世宗即位之初，欽差派任受到限縮與監視，而後基於監察地方與清理財政的需要，欽差制度獲得世宗肯定，開啟雍正朝欽差制度的普遍運用。雍正四年後欽差廣泛運用於農業水利、宗室稽查、軍事行動、控制思想等事項，並應部院大臣、地方督撫奏請，參與人事行政、審治反逆等工作，欽差的靈活與效率漸受帝王賞識，雍正中期後更派用許多中高階大臣擔任欽差。雍正朝欽差制度的運作，經歷了由個別到全面，由稀疏到頻繁的轉折，隨著欽差派任的增加，制度亦漸次審勢修定。雍正朝開始在欽差派任時於本職上予以實授，並強化欽差外任期間的代理機制，使欽差制度日益趨向職位化。雍正朝也特鑄欽差大臣關防，明定欽差身份與威儀，規範欽差派遣的標準與程序，並提供官員行政支援與獎懲考核。雍正朝的欽差制度逐步完善，欽差派任成為官員晉身之階，培植一批如臂使指的幹練行政專才，更凸顯了專制皇權的威儀。

關鍵字

欽差；制度；雍正；皇權；監察

並列摘要

The Imperial Commissioner system began in Mid-Ming Dynasty, and was inherited by Qing Dynasty. After Emperor Kangxi suppressed the insurrection of Wu-Sangui, the dispatches of Imperial Commissioners gradually reduce. Emperor Kangxi's rule in his later years was filled with political crisis, so that his son Emperor Yongzheng began to promote political reform. Emperor Yongzheng did not attach importance to the Imperial Commissioner system in the first, until he encountered great difficulties to control the local department and fiscal deficit. Emperor Yongzheng discovered the Imperial Commissioners could implement his reforms and then he sent Imperial Commissioners to deal properly with all kinds of complicated situations such as problems in agriculture, irrigation, military, thought control, personnel administration and rebellions. Emperor Yongzheng was very satisfied with the agility and efficiency of the operation of the Imperial Commissioner system. Emperor Yongzheng increased the dispatches of Imperial Commissioners gradually, and tried to make the system more reasonable. He awarded Imperial Commissioners higher rank and higher respects in the ceremony. Emperor Yongzheng also offered the Imperial Commissioner official seal and created statutory agent system. He even developed the standard operating procedures of the Imperial Commissioner system. If the performance of commissioner's duty was fully completed, he would get special promotions; otherwise, he would be punished. The Imperial Commissioner system amid Emperor Yongzheng period gradually stabilized. Government officials via the system got the opportunity to increase administrative experience. At the same time the emperor took the advantage to enforce his authority.

並列關鍵字

Imperial Commissioner ； System,Yongzheng ； Imperial Power ； Control

國際替代計量

清代雍正朝欽差制度的運作與影響

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