台灣地區單親戶之貧窮：以1998年為例

Single-Parent Families and the Poverty: The Case of 1998 in Taiwan

薛承泰(Chernt-Tay James Hsueh)

《臺大社會工作學刊》 2期 (2000/05) Pp. 151-189

https://doi.org/10.6171/ntuswr2000.02.04

摘要

本硏究採用1998年主計處家庭收支調查資料，分析一般家戶與單親戶之數量與比例，並比較不同家戶型態之「貧窮」現象。尤其是採用不同貧窮之測量（包括官方貧窮線、相對貧窮、等成人單位相對貧窮）來探討此議題，並將重點置於單親戶貧窮之分析。本硏究比較了四種主要單親戶（未婚、離婚、喪偶與分居）之貧窮率，並進一步採用多變項分析（邏輯迴歸），檢驗人力資本、勞動力市場與家庭結構對貧窮之解釋。
按官方貧窮線為標準，台灣地區有5.56%家戶落入貧窮，其中單親戶貧窮率為10.49%，是單人戶的三倍，是雙親戶的二倍餘。若以未加權與等成人加權之相對貧窮為準，單親戶之貧窮率分別為12.35%與8.85%。比較不同類型單親戶，不論用哪一種貧窮測量，都以喪偶之單親戶貧窮比例最高，離婚之單親戶其次；以性別區分，則以女喪偶單親戶與男離婚單親戶之經濟狀況最差。
針對一般家戶多變項分析結果，除了證實一般以人力資本、勞動力市場、家庭型態與組成對家戶貧窮的解釋外，更指出在教育、工作性質、家庭依賴人口等條件控制下，單親戶仍具有較高的機率落入貧窮的情形。最後，針對單親戶樣本的分析中，發現只有教育與依賴子女數對貧窮產生顯著的效應。這隱含一個現象，即單親戶雖較一般雙親戶易落入貧窮，但單親家長教育程度低與扶養子女多，才是經濟匱乏的主要因素。

關鍵字

單親戶 ； 相對貧窮 ； 等成人單位 ； 貧窮線 ； 絕對貧窮

並列摘要

There are several research purposes in this paper: 1) to estimate the most recent amount of single-parent households in Taiwan under a strict definition that only parents of divorced, separated, widowed or out-of-wedlock birth living with children are under considerations; 2) to investigate the poverty of single-parent families using three different measures derived from the official poverty line, the unweighted relative poverty and the relative poverty weighted by adult-equivalence scale, separately; 3) to compare poverty rates among different household patterns as well as among detail single-parent household types; 4) to estimate the effects on poverty using variables including gender, schooling and job status of household heads, as well as the number of dependent children and aged persons in the households; 5) to analyze the differential effects on poverty within single-parent families of both sexes.
This paper concludes that the poverty rate of single-parent households is considerably higher than that of other household patterns, regardless of poverty measurements being used. There is no sign of economic worsen for female than male of lone-parent- household heads in Taiwan in 1998. Households headed by female widowers and by divorced males have experienced highest rates of poverty among all types of single-parent households. Finally, the results from multivariate analyses indicate that schooling and dependent family members are crucial factors in explaining to be poor for single-parent households.

並列關鍵字

Absolute Poverty ； Adult-equivalence Scale ； Poverty Line ； Relative Poverty ； Single-parent Household