經驗與教法：《太平經》“內學”之研究

如同其他宗教的信仰者，道士也追求與其所信仰的「宇宙統體」合一的境界，所謂「與道合同」。雖然如此，但在唐以前的道經中卻難以發現這一方面的經驗記述。如此不太談論自身修行經驗的情形，可能是受限於道教經訣文體的形式，而這樣的文體形式卻也反映了道教經法的傳授者寧願花費更多的心力在於教訣方法的指導上，而不多分享個人經驗。即便在《太平經》這樣以問答或會話為主要的文體形式，較之經訣形式已經更容易在師徒的問答間表述個人經驗，但仍舊很難找到現身說法的例子。但是仍有幾則保留在《太平經聖君秘旨》中的守一經驗，與其具體操作方式同時被抄錄下來，以操作手冊的形式留存至今。由此我們相信道士在經法講授過程，將其經驗轉換成具體操作方法，形成單一修法，或組織成系列修法；而此系列修法又與其宇宙論、神靈系譜結合，進一步發展成系統教法。本文即從《太平經》「問答體」中所反映的傳授實況出發，討論其傳授方式，分析在師徒傳承過程中教法增衍與系統化的情形。

關鍵字

道教；太平經；內學；守一

並列摘要

Like believers in other religions, Daoists seek to be unified with the 'cosmic unity' they believe in, which they call ”union with the Dao”. However prior to the Tang Dynasty there is very little record of this experience in Daoist scriptures. This lack of records about the practice of self-cultivation may be explained by the format of the scriptures themselves, a format which is the result of the teachers preferring to transmit their methods than their own experience. The dialogue format of the Taipingjing might lead one to suppose that there would be more room for teachers to share their experience but in fact it is not so. However there are a few passages in the secret teachings of the Taipingjing which are exceptions to the rule where specific experiences are described. These show that in the course of their instruction the Daoists presented their experience in the form of specific practices thus building a specific method or system. This paper looks at the transmission of teaching reflected in the dialogue sections of the Taipingjing and discusses the method of teaching and analyses the degree of expansion or systematisation of the teaching in the process of transmission from teacher to disciple.

並列關鍵字

Daoism ； the Taipingjing ； inner theory ； guarding the one

參考文獻

Kaltenmark, Max(1979).The Ideology of the T' ai-P' ing ching.Facets of Taoism: Essays in Chinese Religion.(Facets of Taoism: Essays in Chinese Religion).: