《老子河上公章句》的成書時代與基本思想初探

戰國中後期至秦漢間興起的「黃老之學」吸收了先秦諸家學說，從而形成了一種新的思想體系。這個思想體系在戰國末期逐漸形成學派，河上公可以說是這個學派的開山祖師，以他命名的《老子河上公章句》應當是這個學派的代表作品之一。根據史料的記載，我們可以清楚地了解河上公所傳黃老學派的傳承情形，以及他們在當時政治社會所佔有的崇高地位。根據學者與本文的考證，我們認爲這部作品的成書時間當在西漢昭帝之時，最遲也不會晚于宣帝的時代，其作者則是屬於這個學派的一位民間隱士。河上公《老子章句》是現存成書較早、影響較大的《老子》注本。它主要是以漢代流行的元氣學說和醫學、養生學的成就來注解《老子》，不只闡明宇宙論，同時著重治國治身之道，尤以煉養長生爲主旨。大致而言，《河上公章句》的基本思想大致可以從四個方面描述：以元氣說明世界萬物的起源；治身與治國並無二致；重治身而輕治世；保養精氣神的修養論。可以說《老子河上公章句》一書對於考察漢代黃老思想的演變及其與道教的關係，均有重要的意義。

關鍵字

道家；黃老學；道教；老子；道德經；河上公章句

並列摘要

During the late Warring Period, the Qing and Han dynasties, a new philosophical school entitled ”Philosophy of the Yellow Emperor (Huang Di) and Laozi” is formed based upon the concepts the two representative figures and those of various philosophers of Pre-Qing Dynasty. The philosophical though slowly becomes a systematic school during the late Warring Period, and Ho Shang Gong is considered its pioneer. The work named after him, Ho Shang Gong's Annotations on Laozi is one of the most representative works. According to historical records, we can clearly trace the heritage inherited by Ho Shang Gong, and get a glimpse of the esteemed social and political status these philosophers enjoy. Through textual research of the author and other scholars, we think it rightful to assume that Annotations on Laozi is composed during the reign of Emperor Zhao of West-Han Dynasty, but no later than Emperor Xuan, and is authored by a civilian hermit belonging to the school. Ho Shang Gong's Annotations on Laozi is an existing text that is composed at an earlier time, but an annotation which exerts great influence on later studies of Laozi. It focuses on the management of the country as well as the care of the physical body, with special emphasis upon the latter. In general, Ho Shang Gong's Annotations can be described in the following four aspects: to view yuan-qi (energy) as the origin of all creatures of the world, to set up a parallel between the management of the country and the care of the body, to emphasize more on the personal health than the governance of public matter, and to conclude with a treatise on the preservation and cultivation of energy. A close study on Ho Shang Gong's Annotations can also inspire us to better understand the evolution of the relationship between ”Philosophy of the Yellow Emperor (Huang Di) and Laozi” and Daoism.