從柏格森論「不可共量」的觀念談人論

「延持」的時間觀是柏格森哲學中最重要的概念，也是柏格森論人的本質的基點。藉由論述意識、知覺、記憶、延持、腦神經系統之間的關係，柏格森指出人的內在與外在之不可共量。科學所能觀察的只是外在現象，具無限的可能性以描述被觀察之物，但它們並不等同被觀察之物的內在層次。柏格森強調心靈與腦有分別，二者卻是整體的運作。邏輯的推論可以適用於物質的範疇，作為研究腦神經系統的依據，但用在靈性範疇卻是不恰當。靈性上創新的體驗與前提為不可共量，無法事先決定。而人的意識與智性活動之間的關係也是不可共量，意識中的直覺向內認知生命的驅力是生命進化的原因，而智性則是向外尋求建構知識。對於人的定義與認識，因此無法單單藉由智性所進行的研究知識予以決定。

關鍵字

柏格森；不可共量；延持；意識；腦

並列摘要

The concept of time as duration is the most important theory in the philosophy of Henri Bergson. This concept is also the foundation by which Bergson identifies the human being. Bergson discusses the relationships between consciousness, perception, memory, duration and brain systems. From there he asserts that the inner and outer realms of the human being are incommensurable. Science can only observe external phenomena. Although there are unlimited possibilities for research, yet the results are not identical with the inner conditions of the observed objects. Bergson emphasizes that the spirit and the brain are different although they have a holistic function. Logic is suitable for the category of matter and should be the rule in brain research, but not in the field of the spirit. The creative improvements in spirit, which cannot be inferred from any preconditions, cannot be decided in advance. They are incommensurable. Consciousness and intelligence are also incommensurable. The intuition in consciousness can recognize and purse the inner impulse of life-that is true evolution-, but intelligence searches for the external structural knowledge to establish cognition. So it cannot just use scientific knowledge to decide what a human being is or what his value is.