法國本土政教分離政策之歷史沿革

The Historical Development of the Metropolitan France's Policy of the Separation of Church and State

蘇倚德(SU Yii-Der)

《輔仁宗教研究》 43期 (2021/09) Pp. 1-41

摘要

中古時期法國內部天主教會所代表之精神權力，和君主所代表之世俗權力產生攸久且複雜之競合狀態，長久下來天主教在法國具有國教地位，時至1789年法國大革命，進行激烈之政教分離政策，後於1801年法國與教廷國達成「政教和解協議」，確定法國國家強勢地位之政教分離制度，該制度又經兩個多世紀之發展，進而產生「國家世俗性」憲法原則，與美國皆將此政策明文置於憲法位階，兩國又分別為大陸法系國家以及海洋法系國家代表，亦同為現代世俗性法治國家中政教關係「相對疏離型」之兩種主要模式代表。然而，排除法國海外領土之特殊制度安排，採行單一制政體之法國，當今本土居然並行兩種不同之政教分離制度，肇因於東北三省於1870年割讓予德國近半世紀，並沒有適用法國1905年所通過較為嚴格且全面之政教分離法，而仍然繼續適用1801年為基礎之微幅改良版和解協議，與法國本土其他地區之相關規定形成鮮明區隔。本文首先分別對法國和其東北三省政教分離之歷史沿革進行論述，進而探討是否符合憲法所規定之「世俗性」以及「平等」兩項重要原則，最後於探討法國政教分離政策歷史沿革之際，亦嘗試回應法國和台灣當代部分議題。

關鍵字

法國歷史 ； 政教分離 ； 政教和解協議 ； 世俗性 ； 平等原則

並列摘要

In the Middle Ages, the spiritual power represented by the Catholic Church in France and the secular power represented by the monarch produced a long and complicated relation. For a long time, the Catholic Church was the state religion in France until the French Revolution in 1789, revolutionary government adopted a fierce ＂separation of state and church＂ policy; In 1801, France and the Holy See reached a ＂reconciliation settlement＂, which established the State's dominant position. After developing for more than two centuries, the constitutional principle ＂national secularity＂ was established. Both the United States and France put this policy on the constitutional level, as the two main models of church-state relation in modern secular countries under the rule of law. However, there were two different systems of separation of politics and religion in the Metropolitan France under the unitary political regime: the three northeastern provinces, which were ceded to Germany in 1870 for nearly half a century, continue to adopt the settlement instead of applying the law of the separation of state and church which was more stringent, comprehensive and passed in 1905. This article discusses the historical evolution of the separation policy in France and its three northeastern provinces, and whether it conforms to the two important constitutional principles of ＂secularity＂ and ＂equality＂. This article first discusses the historical development of France's policy, then tries to respond to some contemporary issues in France and Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

French History ； Separation of Church and State ； Reconciliation Settlement between Church and State ； National Secularity ； Principle of Equality

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