清代前期山東鄉試競爭之研究

Research on the Competition of Provincial Examination of Shandong in Early Qing Dynasty

劉希偉(Xi-Wei Liu)

《東方人文學誌》 7卷2期 (2008/06) Pp. 191-206

https://doi.org/10.6389/OH.200806.0191

摘要

鄉試是科舉考試各層級中規模最為宏大、競爭最為激烈，而影響也最為重大的選拔性考試之一。順治至乾隆九年，「官設」山東錄送科舉比例有著數次變動，實際鄉試錄取率由於入闈門檻的放寬而時常低於「官設」的錄送比例；之後，由於錄送科舉比例監控力度的加強，山東鄉試錄取率與九年「官設」錄送比例基本相當，這一現象曾延續了相當一段時期。自順治以迄乾隆末期，由「中省」水平的鄉試配額與龐大的人口規模所決定，山東鄉試人均中式率低於絕大多數科舉「大」、「中」省份。探討山東鄉試之競爭及鄉試競爭的省際差異狀況，對於當今大陸高校招生名額的省際分配具有一定的參照意義。

關鍵字

山東 ； 鄉試競爭 ； 錄取率 ； 人均中式率

並列摘要

Provincial examination is one of the most competitive, large-scale and influential levels in Imperial Examination System. From Shunzhi to the year 9 of Qianlong, due to the loose control, the real admission ratio of provincial examination in Shandong was often lower than the official one which changed several times. After that, the real admission ratio usually corresponded with the official ratio of the year 9 of Qianlong and this situation had been lasted for quite a long period. Caused by the middle level of quota of Juren and large-scale population, the admission ratio per capita in Shandong was lower than the one in most of other provinces which had high or middle level of quota of Juren from Shunzhi to Qianlong period. Discussion on the provincial examination competition in Shandong and the different competition situation among provinces is very referential for today's distribution of college admission quota among provinces in China mainland.

並列關鍵字

Shandong province ； competition of provincial examination ； admission ratio ； admission ratio per capita