清代中晚期《孝經》的詮釋與實踐－一個學術史的觀察

Interpretation and Practice of the Classic of Filial Piety in the Middle-Late Qing Dynasty-from the Perspective of Academic History

林俞佑(Yu-You Lin)

《逢甲人文社會學報》 35期 (2017/12) Pp. 1-20

摘要

眾所周知，中國儒學幾次重大的詮釋變革，無外乎「魏晉儒學玄學化」、「唐代儒學佛學化」、「宋明儒學理學化」、「清代儒學考據化」說，作為中國儒學史時代畫分上的一大標幟。本論文暫且拋開既定的分期框架，特意將焦點鎖定在清代「孝經」、「孝」的詮釋與經典教化的脈絡，嘗試補充儒學經典重要的元素－「孝」如何詮釋與實踐的過程中，重新產生新的社會文化秩序。欲探討清代《孝經》詮釋與實踐的變化，除了繼承明代三教會通－「孝感」的系統之外，尚有另一條路徑尚未被學界所注意－「孝經與宗族制度」的綰合。本文即以「宗族制度」為主題，探討它在明清，尤其是清代乾嘉以後的變化情形，並解釋這種變化的學術意義。本文把主線放在《孝經》版本及詮釋的變化上，從歷代詮釋《孝經》的變化來觀察《孝經》學術的轉變意義，尤其把重點放在十八至二十世紀－也就是清代中晚期考據學最為興盛，事實上孝經與宗族制度的結合，也以這個時期最為明顯。這個研究主題的意義，不僅欲指出傳統「孝經學」中的詮釋流派，同時也想證明在政治混亂的晚清，知識界如何藉由「孝」整合宗族，凝聚向心力，展現有別於「孝感」的學術論述空間。

關鍵字

《孝經》 ； 宗族制度 ； 孝感 ； 孝經詮釋

並列摘要

As is well-known, interpretation of Chinese Confucianism underwent several great transformations. The big dividing signs of the history of Chinese Confucianism are as follows: ＂Confucianism of Wei and Jin Dynasties tended to be metaphysical;＂ ＂Confucianism of Tang Dynasty tended to be Buddhist in essence;＂ ＂Confucianism of Sung and Ming Dynasties tended to be rationalistic;＂ and ＂Confucianism of Qing Dynasties tended to be textological.＂ Regardless of the received framework of periodization, this paper focuses deliberately on the interpretations of filial piety and the context of its practice in the Qing Dynasty. In so doing, it will attempt to supplement an important element in the canon of Confucianism; that is, how ＂filial piety＂ helped to reproduce new social and cultural order in the process of its interpretations and practice. In exploring the changes in the interpretation and practice of the Classics of Filial Piety (Xiaojing) in the Qing Dynasty, in addition to the inheritance from Integration of the Three Teachings- ＂sense of filial obligation＂ system in the Ming Dynasty, another path has yet received virtually no attention; that is, integrating Xiaojing with clanship or clan system. Using the ＂clan system＂ as its thematic thread, this paper discusses the transformation of the clanship in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially after the Qing Qianlong and Jiaqing Times, and explains its academic significance. Tracing the changes in the editions and annotations of the Classics of Filial Piety, this paper examines the significance of such changes and observes the various dynasties' interpretative changes of the Classic of Filial Piety, especially from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries, referred to as the period of the middle-late Qing Dynasty, during which textological study prevailed. In fact, the integration of the Classic of Filial Piety and the clan system became utterly manifest in such a period. The significance of this research theme is not only to point out the genre of interpretation in the traditional research on filial piety but also to show how the intelligentsia enhanced the centripetal force during the late Qing Dynasty in a state of political turmoil by integrating the notion of ＂filial piety＂ with clanship and presented an academic discursive space different from the ＂sense of filial obligation.＂

並列關鍵字

Classic of Filial Piety (Xiaojing) ； Clan System ； Sense of Filial Obligation ； Interpretation of XiaoJing

參考文獻

十三經注疏。臺北:藝文印書館。

百部叢書集成。臺北:藝文印書館。

文淵閣《四庫全書》。

文淵閣《四庫全書》。

百部叢書集成。臺北:藝文印書館。