當「男女有別」變成「男女不平等」－性別角色認知與政治效能感

When Gender Differences Become Gender Inequalities: The Political Effects of Gender-role Perceptions

楊婉瑩(Wang-Ying Yang) ； 林珮婷(Pei-Ting Lin)

《女學學誌：婦女與性別研究》 29期 (2011/12) Pp. 121-172

https://doi.org/10.6255/JWGS.2011.29.121

摘要

性別差異與平等是女性主義持續關懷的理論課題。本研究試圖檢視看似平等的差異化性別角色認知，如何可能產生不平等的政治結果。透過實證資料分析，本研究主要提出兩個發現：一方面，隨著社會現代化發展，傳統性別分工的社會安排或許在逐漸減弱，然而兩性差異的看法仍轉化為各種不同形式，存在於多數人心中。民眾對性別角色分化的認知可區分為職業區隔、公私分工、性別刻板印象等三個構面。雖然這三構面彼此相關，民眾的接受程度卻不相同─職業區隔由於帶有歧視意味較不為社會所接受，但多數人仍普遍接受傳統性別刻板印象，認為男女與生俱來的能力和個性有所不同。另一方面，本研究認為此種「男女有別」的認知並非中立的，並非單純對於既有性別秩序的反應，而具有支配的效果─對於女性產生政治上的剝奪效果，對於男性則有政治上的增能效果。就政治心理層面的內在政治效能感來觀察，越接受兩性有別的女性，其內在政治效能感越低；反之，兩性有別的認知，有助於增加男性的政治效能感，合理化並強化男性在政治領域的地位。

關鍵字

職業區隔 ； 公私分工 ； 性別刻板印象 ； 政治效能感

並列摘要

Gender difference and gender equality are the constantly debated issues in feminist studies. This study attempts to disentangle the varied dimensions of gender-role divisions, and to examine the political consequences caused by that division. Through empirical data analyses, we show two main findings. Firstly, while the process of social modernization weakens the traditional social arrangements based on gender-role division, the public still accepts the gender-role differentiation in varied formats. The gender differentiations perceived by the public could be classified into three types: gender segregation in work, gender division of the publicprivate domain, and gender stereotype. Of the three highly related gender perceptions, gender segregation in work is the least accepted by the public, for it connotes gender discrimination; and gender stereotype on the differences of the characters and abilities of both sexes is still widely accepted. Secondly, we also shows that these gender-role perceptions are not neutral or simply reflections of the reality, and that it does reinforce the male-dominated structure by exploiting women's political efficacy and strengthening men's political efficacy. In terms of internal political efficacy, the political psychological effect, women who are more likely to accept the traditional gender-role divisions feel politically less competent. On the contrary, men who are more likely to accept the traditional genderrole feel politically more competent.

並列關鍵字

gender segregation in work ； gender division of the public-private domain ； gender stereotype ； political efficacy

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